Human Anatomy

This expertly written and thoroughly verified study guide covers all exam-relevant material for Skeletal Muscle Physiology, designed for Anatomy & Physiology, Pre-Nursing, and Health Science students at Liberty University in the 2025/2026 academic year. It includes a complete collection of accurate questions and answers, already graded A+, covering both theoretical concepts and physiological mechanisms of skeletal muscle function. The document is ideal for students preparing for unit tests, l...

PERINEUM • The perineum is traversed by • urethra and anal canal in the male, and • urethra, vagina, and anal canal in the female. • The surface features of the perineum • in male are penis, scrotum, and anal orifice, • in the female are vulva (female external genitalia) and anal orifice . • The median region between vaginal and anal orifices in female, containing perineal body is considered as gynecological perineum. Boundaries • The perineu...

PELVIC AND PERINEUM Introduction • The pelvis is the part of the trunk infero-posterior to the abdomen and is the area of transition between the trunk and the lower limbs. • The pelvic cavity is the inferior most part of the abdomino pelvic cavity. • Anatomically, the pelvis is the part of the body surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis), part of the appendicular skeleton of the lower limb. Cont…. • The pelvis is subdivided into greater and lesser pelves....

ANATOMY OF THE PANCREAS INTRODUCTION • The pancreas is a soft, finely lobulated, elongated exoendocrine gland. • The exocrine part secretes the pancreatic juice and the endocrine part secretes the hormones like insulin, etc. • The pancreatic juice helps in the digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, whereas the pancreatic hormones maintain glucose homeostasis. Cont…. • The pancreas lies more or less horizontally on the posterior abdominal wall in the epiga...

ANATOMY OF THE OVARIES GROSS ANATOMY • The ovaries are female gonads (homologous of testes in the male) which produce female gametes called oocytes (ripe ova). . Each ovary is about 4 cm long, 2 cm wide and 1 cm thick. • LOCATION • In nulliparous adult women, each ovary lies in the ovarian fossa on the lateral pelvic wall below the pelvic brim Cont… • The ovarian fossa is a slight peritoneal depression bounded: • Posteriorly by the ureter and internal iliac ...

Anatomy of the Kidney OBJECTIVES • Describe the anatomy of the kidney ,ureter,bladder and urethral • Describe the function of the urinary system • Describe the clinical correlation of the urinary system • Describe the embryological development of urinary system • Describe the histological components of urinary system Kidney • Synonyms: Renal (in Latin); Nephros (in Greek). • The kidneys are two bean-shaped, reddish-brown organs within the abdomen s...

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity  Peritoneum has two layers: Parietal peritoneum lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall Has the same blood, lymphatic vasculature and the same somatic nerve supply as is the region of the wall it lines Sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold, and laceration( pain is well localized) Visceral peritoneum Invests viscera organs Served by the same blood and lymphatic vasculature and visceral nerve supply as the org...

The abdominal wall  Encloses the abdominal cavity.  Divided into anterolateral and posterior sections. The abdominal wall Functions Forms a firm flexible containment for the abdominal viscera in the abdominal cavity and assists the viscera in maintaining their anatomical position against gravity. Protects the abdominal viscera from injury. Assists in forceful expiration by pushing the abdominal viscera upwards. Involved in actions like coughing, vomiting, defecati...

Blood Vessels • Blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood containing nutrients and oxygen to the tissues of the body. • They also takes waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. Five classes of blood vessels 1. Arteries 2. Arterioles 3. Veins 4. Venules 5. Capillaries. • Blood vessels are arranged into three concentric/circular layers or tunics • The three layers (tunics) are; 1. Tunic intima/int...

BLADDER AND URETHRA OBJECTIVES • The urinary bladder is a muscular reservoir of urine, lying in the anterior part of the pelvis. • It is commonly involved in clinical conditions such as retention of urine, cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder), calculus, disorder of micturition, and cancer. • Hence, its anatomy is of immense importance to clinicians. LOCATION • The urinary bladder is situated in the anterior part of the lesser pelvis immediately behind...