BIO 1140 (BIO 1140)

These notes explain eukaryotic evolution, highlighting how eukaryotic cells developed complex structures like nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts through endosymbiosis. They describe the diversity of protists, their cellular organization, feeding methods, reproduction, and ecological importance. The section on plant diversity covers the main plant groups—nonvascular, vascular seedless, and seed plants—and their evolutionary adaptations to life on land, such as cuticles, vascular tissue, a...

The document provides an overview of phylogenetic trees and how they are used to visualize evolutionary relationships among species. It explains key concepts such as monophyletic groups, synapomorphies, and species definitions based on morphological, biological, and phylogenetic species concepts. It also covers the process of speciation, mechanisms of genetic isolation, and evolutionary patterns like adaptive radiation and extinction. Finally, it includes detailed notes on prokaryotes (bacteria ...