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Basic rule: Image orientation 
 2 
 By convention, the right side of 
the brain CT scan is on the left 
of the reader and it should be 
labelled as such! 
 Brain CT images are read as 
if you are viewing the patient 
from the feet thus their right 
side of the brain is to your 
left and vice vasa. 
 The anterior part of the head 
is at the top of the image. 
 9/26/2024 
 A.N. Malik, Department of Human Anatomy, JKUAT. 
The 3 basic densities/shades of grey 
 3 
 Isodense: ...
Facilities must have basic equipment and drugs in stock at all times, 
and adequate staff skilled in paediatric care. 
 Sick children coming to hospital must be immediately triaged, 
assessed and if necessary, provided with emergency treatment as 
soon as possible. 
 Assessment of diagnosis and illness severity must be thorough and 
treatment must be carefully planned. All stages should be accurately 
and comprehensively documented. 
 The protocols provide a minimum standard and safe approa...
History of Microbiology 
Man kind has always been affected by diseases which were 
originally believed to be visitations by the gods and meant to punish 
evil doers. 
Hippocratus, father of medicine, observed that ill health resulted due 
to changes in air, winds, water, climate, food, nature of soil and 
habits of people. 
Varro (117-26 BC)said a theory that disease was caused by 
animated particles invisible to naked eye but which were carried in 
the air through the mouth and nose in...
Bacillus 
General Characteristics of Bacillus 
 ~ 60 species; Gram-positive or Gram-variable bacilli 
 • Large (0.5 x 1.2 to 2.5 x 10 um) 
 • Most are saprophytic contaminants or normal flora 
 • Bacillus anthracis is most important member 
 Produce endospores 
 Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic 
 Catalase positive (most) 
 • Rapidly differentiates from Clostridium 
 Bacillus spp. are ubiquitous 
 • Soil, water, and airborne dust 
 • Thermophilic (< 
 75°C) an...
Nucleic	Acids	 
	 
Nucleic	acids	 
• Polymers	of	nucleo des	are	termed	polynucleo des	or	nucleic	 
acids,	be er	known	as	DNA	and	RNA.	 
• 	Each	nucleic	acid	is	made	from	just	four	different	nucleo des.	 
• 	RNA	contain	the	bases	adenine,	cytosine,	guanine,	and	uracil	 
• 	DNA	contain	adenine,	cytosine,	guanine,	and	thymine.	 
• Polymeriza on	involves	the	phosphate	and	sugar	groups	of	the	 
nucleo des,	which	become	linked	by	phosphodiester	bonds	 
• primary	role:	act	as	ca...
NBME 26 Exam Questions And Answers 2024
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