University of St Andrews • Medicine

Introduction to Epidemiology Element Learning Outcomes: -Define selected basic epidemiological terms (i.e. mortality rate, incidence, prevalence, patterns of outcome occurrence, outcomes, exposures -Describe the need to consider time, place, and person in epidemiological enquiry. -Define and calculate prevalence and incidence, and factors that can alter the such measures -Describe and differentiate exposures and outcomes in epidemiological enquiry. -Describe the hierarchy of evidence, and ...

Common Sense Model of Illness Element Learning Outcomes: -Construct Leventhal's Common Sense Model of Self-regulation of health and illness (by identifying the parallel pathways in people's reactions to health threats.) -Identify the components of illness representations (illness beliefs). -Identify the steps involved in the concept of self-regulation. -Identify the assumptions of Common Sense Model

Common Sense Model of Treatment Element Learning Outcomes: -Evaluate adherence to health care recommendations -Apply the CSMT to general prescribing and health care interventions -Understand the main principles of patient treatment beliefs and how they are incorporated into the CSM

Patient Pain Element Learning Outcomes: -Describe the burden associated with chronic pain for the individual, society, and health care system -Define pain and describe acute and chronic pain -Understand the main theories of pain -Describe the common methods of assessment including behavioural and self-report -Compare methods of psychological approaches to the alleviation of acute and chronic pain

Use of Health Services Element Learning Outcomes: -Describe the major factors that have been implicated in utilisation of health services -Understand how delay in seeking treatment can influences health outcomes -Identify the various types of health service user -Describe the 3 stages that typically occur in treatment delay

Normal and Abnormal Blood Films Element Learning Outcomes: -Be able to identify neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes in a blood film -Be able to describe the differences between the abnormal blood film presented and a normal blood film -Be able to perform a differential cell counts

Membrane Potential Element Learning Outcomes: -Explain the interactions between ion concentrations and the membrane permeability on the resting membrane potential -Contrast the consequences of infusing KCl v NaCl -Plot the relationship between extracellular ionic concentrations of Na and K and the transmembrane potential -Interpret the effects of changing ionic concentrations on the membrane potential

Histology of the Skin Element Learning Outcomes: -Describe the layers/strata that make up the epidermis of 'thick skin'. -Describe the layers/strata that make up the epidermis of 'thin skin'. -Compare and contrast loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue. -Contrast eccrine and apocrine sweat and the way in which it is delivered onto the skin surface. -List the structures that form a pilosebaceous unit. -Distinguish merocrine, apocrine and holocrine modes of secret...

Does Sunscreen Protect My DNA Element Learning Outcomes: -Describe the mechanisms which normally exist to protect the body against UV damage -Discuss the potential consequences of defects in the uv protection system -Design an experiment to examine the efficacy of sunscreens -Analyse the results of an experiment to test the efficacy of sunscreens -Compare different ways of presenting data

Connective Tissue, Muscle, and Nerve Element Learning Outcomes: -Describe the major histological features of the neurone cell body and white matter including myelin. -Identify the histological features of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle and distinguish between them.... -Identify and describe the main cell types as well as the fibre types found in fibrocollagenous connective tissues.

Cell Structure Element Learning Outcomes: -Describe and draw the major organelles and structures of eukaryotic cells as seen using electron microscopy. -Appreciate the relative size of the different organelles. -Appreciate the functions of the main cellular organelles and cell compartments. -Recognise organelles in some histological sections. Realise that not all details of a cell can be seen by light microscopy but that the vast majority of cells contain these organelles. -Recognise that ...

Introduction to Immunology Element Learning Outcomes: -Describe the different lines of defence available to combat bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. -List the different chemicals produced in the bodies defence mechanisms -Explain the terms chemotaxis and opsonisation and their importance in defence mechanisms -Outline the functions of lymphocytes and NK cells in the immune response -Understand the principle of how vaccination/immunisation works

Acute Inflammation Element Learning Outcomes: -Describe the principal causes of acute inflammation -List the physical characteristics of acute inflammation -Describe the vascular and exudative phases -Recognise the macroscopic and microscopic appearances of acute inflammation -Describe the beneficial, harmful and systemic effects of acute inflammation

Chronic Inflammation Element Learning Outcomes: -Describe the sequelae of acute inflammation -Name the important causes of chronic inflammation -Describe the macroscopic and microscopic appearances of chronic inflammation -Name the cells of chronic inflammation -Describe the role of the macrophage and its derivatives in chronic inflammation

Genetics and Environmental Causes of Disease Element Learning Outcomes: -Describe the contribution of genetic factors to human disease -Identify common environmental factors that contribute to human disease -Describe the major classes of infectious agent and routes of transmission. -Describe the role of chemical and physical agents in causing human disease -Discuss why it is so difficult to ascertain genetic vs environmental causes of disease and methods used to study this conundrum

Infections of the Skin Element Learning Outcomes: -Explain the role of the commensal microbiota in and on the body/skin -Explain how the skin's structure (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis) acts as a defensive barrier against pathogens. -Describe how breaks in the layers of the skin can lead to infection. -Outline the different types of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, [parasites]) that can cause skin and soft tissue infections. -Illustrate specific infections each pathogen can cause (e.g...

Intro to Infection Control & Prevention Element Learning Outcomes: -Recognise your role as a medical student with regards to the prevention and control of infection -Recognise that infection prevention and control (IPC) is a recurring theme throughout the curriculum -Recognise that infection control is an integral part of patient safety -Know how to access the online infection control programme - SIPCEP -Understand what is expected for completion of required SIPCEP units

Introduction to Microbial Infection Element Learning Outcomes: -Define and explain key microbiological terms such as microorganism, pathogen, infection, pathogenicity, and virulence, and identify major medically significant microorganisms -Describe and discuss the association between microorganisms and disease, including Koch’s postulates and their limitations -Categorise environmental, commensal, obligate and opportunistic pathogens, providing real-world examples of each -Compare and app...

Making an Infection Diagnosis Element Learning Outcomes: -List the main modalities for making a laboratory diagnosis of infection -Understand the nature of the diagnostic process and the role of the infection specialist -Define the terms sensitivity and specificity and relate them to the doctor patient interaction timelines -Describe what specimens can be taken -Describe the methods that are used to make a microbiological diagnosis -Describe the impact of molecular biology on diagnostics

Surgical Site Infections Element Learning Outcomes: -Understand what is meant by Surgical Site Infection -Appreciate the history of surgical site infection -Appreciate the basics of wound healing -Recognise the clinical signs of surgical site infections -Describe appropriate measures to take in pre-, intra- and postoperative phases of care to prevent infection -Recognise the importance of device associated infections and prosthetic joint infections