Durham University (DUT)

Master OVB with this focused guide. Covers: What is OVB, the two conditions (affects Y AND correlated with X), the OVB formula, determining bias direction with the sign rule table, classic examples (education/ability, class size/income), why sample size doesn't fix OVB, solutions (include variable, IV, fixed effects). Includes direction table, worked examples, and common exam questions with model answers. 4 pages, printable.

Everything you need to know about Instrumental Variables in one focused guide. Covers: When you need IV (OVB, simultaneity, measurement error), the two conditions for valid instruments (relevance & exogeneity), 2SLS procedure step-by-step, weak instruments and the F>10 rule, classic examples (returns to education, class size), IV vs OLS comparison. Includes worked examples, formulas, and common exam questions with answers. 4 pages, printable.

4 professional decision flowcharts for Econometrics: (1) "Which Test Should I Use?" - t-test vs F-test decision tree with critical values, (2) "How to Interpret Regression Output" - 6-step guide from model fit to economic significance, (3) "OVB Diagnosis Flowchart" - step-by-step process to identify and determine bias direction, (4) "Panel Data: Which Method?" - Pooled OLS vs Fixed Effects vs Random Effects decision guide. Full colour, printable A4 format. Perfect for exa...

Complete interactive Excel toolkit for Econometrics. Contains 6 worksheets: (1) Regression Output Interpreter - enter coefficients and SEs, get t-stats, p-values, and significance automatically, (2) OVB Direction Finder - input correlation and effect, get bias direction instantly, (3) Hypothesis Testing Calculator - calculates t-stat, critical values, p-values, and confidence intervals, (4) Log Interpretation Guide - enter coefficient and model type, get plain English interpretation, (5) F-Test ...

Comprehensive 13-page Stata guide tailored to ECON2061 Econometrics. Covers EVERYTHING you need: (1) Loading data & setup, (2) Descriptive statistics & exploration, (3) Creating & modifying variables, (4) OLS regression with robust SEs, (5) Factor variables & interactions (i. and ## syntax), (6) Hypothesis testing (t-tests, F-tests, test command), (7) Panel data & Fixed Effects (xtset, xtreg, clustered SEs), (8) Binary outcomes (LPM, Probit, Logit, marginal effects), (9) Instrumental Variables /...

Everything about cost of capital in one guide. Covers: What is cost of capital, cost of equity (CAPM and DDM methods), why debt is cheaper than equity, after-tax cost of debt and tax shield, the WACC formula with full worked example, using WACC as discount rate, when WACC is appropriate (and when it isn't), market vs book values. Includes step-by-step calculation example and common exam questions. 4 pages, printable.

Complete guide to investment appraisal. Covers: NPV formula and decision rule, worked NPV calculation, IRR definition and decision rule, NPV vs IRR comparison table, when NPV and IRR conflict (and why NPV wins), problems with IRR (multiple IRRs, scale, reinvestment assumption), brief coverage of payback period, why NPV is the best method. Includes worked examples, formulas, and common exam questions. 4 pages, printable.

Master CAPM and Beta with this focused guide. Covers: The CAPM formula and components, understanding beta (defensive vs aggressive stocks), worked calculation examples, the Security Market Line (SML), identifying mispriced stocks (above/below SML), portfolio beta calculation, systematic vs unsystematic risk, CAPM assumptions and limitations. Includes beta interpretation table, alpha calculation, and common exam questions with answers. 4 pages, printable.

2 professional decision flowcharts for Finance: (1) "Investment Appraisal Decision Tree" - NPV vs IRR vs Payback, when they conflict, why NPV always wins, mutually exclusive project decisions, (2) "Stock Valuation Using CAPM & SML" - step-by-step guide to calculate required return, compare to actual return, and determine if stock is undervalued/overvalued. Full colour, printable A4 format. Includes comparison tables and decision rules.

Complete interactive Excel toolkit for Finance calculations. Contains 7 worksheets: (1) NPV & IRR Calculator with decision rule, (2) WACC Calculator with tax shield, (3) CAPM Calculator with SML analysis, (4) Bond Pricing Calculator with premium/discount indicator, (5) Portfolio Beta Calculator for up to 10 stocks, (6) Gordon Growth Model (DDM) stock valuation, (7) Time Value of Money (FV, PV, Annuity, Perpetuity). All formulas built-in - just enter your numbers and get instant results. Colour-c...

Complete visual reference for Foundations of Finance. 10 high-quality, colour diagrams covering: Time Value of Money (FV/PV), Bond Pricing & Interest Rate Sensitivity, Gordon Growth Model, NPV Profile & IRR, Risk-Return Distributions, Diversification Effect, CAPM Security Market Line, WACC & Cost of Capital, Capital Structure (Trade-off & Pecking Order), and Dividend Policy Theories.

Comprehensive exam practice for Foundations of Finance. Contains 90+ questions across 4 sections: 45 Multiple Choice, 15 Short Answer, 20 True/False, and 10 "Spot the Error" questions. ALL with detailed model answers and explanations. Topics: TVM, Bonds, Stock Valuation, NPV/IRR, Risk & Return, Diversification, CAPM, Beta, WACC, Capital Structure, and Dividend Policy. Includes calculation questions with worked solutions.

Comprehensive exam practice for ECON2061. Contains 90+ questions across 4 sections: 40 Multiple Choice, 15 Short Answer, 20 True/False, and 15 "Spot the Error" questions. ALL with detailed model answers and explanations. Topics: OLS, R², LSA Assumptions, Hypothesis Testing, OVB, Panel Data, Fixed Effects, Instrumental Variables, Binary Outcomes (Probit/Logit), Time Series, and Log Transformations. Perfect for self-testing and exam preparation.

10 high-quality, colour diagrams covering ALL key Econometrics concepts. Includes: (1) OLS Regression Line with residuals, (2) R² Decomposition (TSS/ESS/SSR visual breakdown), (3) Hypothesis Testing Regions (one-sided & two-sided), (4) Confidence Intervals across samples, (5) OVB Direction Chart with decision table, (6) Panel Data Fixed Effects vs Pooled OLS comparison, (7) Instrumental Variables diagram with 2SLS procedure, (8) Binary Outcomes (LPM vs Probit vs Logit), (9) Time Series processe...

flashcard set covering ECON2061 topics. Includes 40+ detailed cards with formulas, diagrams, and worked examples. Available as printable PDF (cut along lines) AND Anki-compatible digital deck. Topics: OLS Regression, R², LSA Assumptions, Hypothesis Testing, Omitted Variable Bias, Panel Data & Fixed Effects, Instrumental Variables (2SLS), Probit/Logit, Time Series, and Log Interpretations. Perfect for quick revision and active recall study.

Comprehensive 19+ page study guide covering topics in introductory finance. Includes professional diagrams, worked examples with full solutions, and a complete formula sheet. Topics: Time Value of Money, Bond & Stock Valuation, NPV, IRR, Payback, Risk & Return, CAPM, Beta, Diversification, WACC, Cost of Capital, Capital Structure (M&M, Trade-off, Pecking Order), and Dividend Policy. Perfect for exam revision or learning the fundamentals. Suitable for FINN1011 and similar undergraduate finance mo...

Comprehensive 13-topic study guide covering everything you need for an intermediate econometrics module based on Stock & Watson's Introduction to Econometrics. What's included: — OLS estimation and interpretation — Hypothesis testing and confidence intervals — Omitted variable bias and threats to validity — Nonlinear regression and binary dependent variables — Panel data and fixed effects — Instrumental variables (2SLS) — Time series analysis — Worked exam-style qu...

These two documents summarize the full course material on structure and bonding in chemistry. Part 2 focuses on bonding theories, including VSEPR theory, valence bond theory, hybridisation (sp, sp², sp³), resonance, and molecular orbital (MO) theory. Detailed MO diagrams, bond order calculations, magnetism (paramagnetic vs diamagnetic species), and case studies on molecules like O₂, N₂, CO, and heterodiatomics are included . These lecture summaries provide a clear and structured foundat...

These two documents summarize the full course material on structure and bonding in chemistry. Part 1 covers atomic structure, Bohr’s model, wave-particle duality, Schrödinger equation, quantum numbers, hydrogen atom wavefunctions, radial and angular wavefunctions, orbital shapes, nodes, and electron configurations with the Pauli principle, Hund’s rule, and Aufbau principle . Part 2 focuses on bonding theories, including VSEPR theory, valence bond theory, hybridisation (sp, sp², sp³), r...

This document provides a complete overview of peptides, covering their structure, synthesis, and applications in drug development. It explains amino acid classifications, stereochemistry, peptide structural levels, and challenges in peptide bond formation. Further sections include solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), solution-phase synthesis, protecting groups, resin selection, purification methods (HPLC, MS, MALDI, ESI), and peptide sequence analysis. Advanced topics such as cyclic peptides, d...