Durham University

When did the US economy turn capitalist? This essay explores the different interpretations among historians as to how and when the American economy became capitalist during the nineteenth century. This essay considers northern agriculture and southern slavery in particular.

What prompted the rise of the United States' Carceral State? The American prison system is both vast and unequal, and its rise was very much a series of deliberate acts forged over decades. This essay explores the rich and varied historiography that seeks to explain the growth of America's prison system and the reasons underpinning its inequalities.

James Fulcher's "Capitalism: A Very Short Introduction" is a foundational reference guide for modern and historical capitalism. Learn about the origins of capitalism and its various historical and modern forms via this set of notes that condense Fulcher's work to just a few pages.

Set 8 of 10 in Evolutionary Psychology Question answer cards covering evolutionary psychopathology, the evolution of mental illnesses Includes basic definitions, highlights of papers, and prompts to explanations of theories Examples: Define the Mismatch hypothesis of evolutionary pathology - Mental health disorders were once adaptive: and so useful for survival, but not in modern times. Deficits in Schizophrenia - Deficits in: attention, working memory, language processing, motor, auditory-v...

Set 7 of 10 in Evolutionary Psychology Question answer cards covering same-sex aggression Includes basic definitions, highlights of papers, and prompts to explanations of theories Examples: What 3 factors define ‘aggression’? - Intent, harm, and motivation to avoid What percentage of violent crime are committed by men in the US? - 89% (US Beuro of stats, 2006-200) Example of the challenge hypothesis in chimps Hint: Muller 2004 - Female chimps go into oestrus individually. When they do, ...

Set 6 of 10 in Evolutionary Psychology Question answer cards covering indirect benefits in mate choice Includes basic definitions, highlights of papers, and prompts to explanations of theories Examples: What is the Handicap Principle? - Zahavi, 1975: honest signals which are costly indicate good health From humans, does facial symmetry relate to health? - YES: facial symmetry and less hospital stays (Waynforth 1998), more health rated (Jones 2011) Why is yellow>blue skin preferred? - Sign...

Set 5 of 10 in Evolutionary Psychology Question answer cards covering direct benefits in mate choice Includes basic definitions, highlights of papers, and prompts to explanations of theories Examples: Benefits of mate choice: define direct and indirect - Direct = benefits to YOU and immediate RS Indirect = benefits to OFFSPRING and its survival Who defined ‘Resource Holding Potential’? - Elmen & Oring, 1977 Considering anisogamy, which sex should do the ‘choosing’ in partner choice?...

Set 4 of 10 in Evolutionary Psychology Question answer cards covering Parental investment Includes basic definitions, highlights of papers, and prompts to explanations of theories Examples: What is the Grandmother Hypothesis? - Hamilton 1966: Grandmothers live past menopause to aid their daughter’s reproductive success by caring for grandchildren What are the 2 hormones vital to pair bonding? - Oxytocin and vasopressin Does ​Bateman's principle ​apply to human societies? (Brown, 2009) ...

Set 3 of 10 in Evolutionary Psychology Question answer cards covering Variation and Life History Includes basic definitions, highlights of papers, and prompts to explanations of theories Examples: What is Life History Theory? - Organisms have a limited energy supply - LHT is the study of ​why organisms vary in their prioritisation of different goals in energy expenditure Example of k-selection - Humans and whales: small no. offspring, high parental care, long gestation, long lactation, larg...

Set 9 of 10 in Evolutionary Psychology Question answer cards covering brain size and language evolution Includes basic definitions, highlights of papers, and prompts to explanations of theories Examples: Relating to brain size, what is allometric scaling? - The larger the body, the larger the brain Give an example of chimp communication - Chimps have different calls for when different foods are available and calls differ depending on how many are around (Slocombe 2005) Are intelligence (IQ), ...