Anglia Ruskin University (ARU)

This document explains the principles, technology, and clinical applications of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Ultra-Wide Field (UWF) imaging in optometric practice . It covers the physics of OCT (interferometry, A-scans and B-scans), retinal layer identification, and interpretation of common pathologies such as macular oedema, ARMD, epiretinal membrane, retinal detachment, and glaucomatous RNFL loss. The notes also discuss OCT angiography, limitations and artefacts, and compare OCT ...

This document outlines a complete routine for conducting a full eye examination, from case history to management planning . It explains the logical sequencing of preliminaries, refraction, binocular vision assessment, and ocular health evaluation, including slit-lamp examination, ophthalmoscopy, visual fields, IOP measurement, and OCT where indicated. The notes also highlight time management within a 90-minute exam, adapting the routine to patient age and symptoms, and ensuring thorough clin...

This document explains the clinical application of binocular vision tests and how to classify and manage binocular vision anomalies . It covers the use of cover test, ocular motility, fixation disparity (Mallet unit), Maddox rod and wing, suppression tests, stereopsis tests, and prism cover testing to differentiate tropias, phorias, fixation disparity, and incomitant deviations. The notes also outline decision-making pathways for compensated versus decompensated phorias, recent versus longst...

This document explains the principles, measurement, and clinical relevance of accommodation and convergence in optometric practice . It covers amplitude of accommodation, accommodative facility, dynamic retinoscopy (Nott and MEM), lag and lead of accommodation, near point of convergence (NPC), AC/A ratio, and the diagnosis and management of convergence insufficiency and excess. The notes also outline step-by-step clinical procedures using the RAF rule, normative values, common sources of err...

This document explains the assessment of pupils, cover test procedures, and ocular motility testing in clinical practice . It covers pupil anatomy, light and near reflex testing, anisocoria evaluation, RAPD detection, and key pupil abnormalities including Horner’s syndrome, Adie’s pupil, and Argyll Robertson pupil. The notes also outline cover and alternate cover tests for detecting tropias and phorias, extraocular muscle function, cranial nerve involvement, diagnostic gaze positions, an...

This document covers near retinoscopy (Mohindra technique), subjective refraction, binocular balancing, and the use of the phoropter versus trial frame in clinical practice . It explains indications, correction factors, working distance adjustments, and sources of error in near retinoscopy, alongside step-by-step subjective refraction techniques including BVS, duochrome, JCC, +1.00 blur test, and endpoint determination. The notes also outline binocular refraction principles, balancing proced...

This document explains advanced slit-lamp examination techniques and their clinical applications in anterior segment assessment . It covers illumination methods including diffuse, parallelepiped, optic section, retroillumination, specular reflection, and sclerotic scatter, alongside van Herick’s technique for anterior chamber assessment and the use of fluorescein for corneal staining. The notes also outline grading scales, examination routines, common errors, and clinical interpretation to...

This document outlines the legal, ethical, and professional responsibilities involved in case history taking and clinical record keeping in optometric practice . It covers data protection legislation, confidentiality, ownership and access rights, statutory requirements, and professional guidance, alongside practical guidance on structured case history taking and communication skills. The notes also explain clinical reasoning, common record-keeping errors, and the importance of accurate documenta...

This document explains the normal age-related changes that occur in the eye and their impact on ocular structures and visual function . It covers anatomical changes affecting the lids, tear film, cornea, anterior chamber, lens, vitreous, retina, and macula, alongside functional changes such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, accommodation, colour vision, glare, and dark adaptation. The notes also highlight clinical implications, risks of age-related conditions such as cataract and glauc...

This document covers the principles and clinical application of ophthalmoscopy and objective refraction in optometric practice. It explains direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, cup-to-disc ratio assessment, retinoscopy techniques, autorefractor principles, and photorefraction, including their advantages, limitations, and common clinical errors. The content also outlines step-by-step procedures, recording formats, reflex interpretation, and methods for controlling accommodation. It serves as a str...