AQA • Law

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A quick summary of everything you need to know about tort defences for AQA law. Defences : Consent (Volenti non fir injura) Contributory Negligence

Strict liability cases with case facts and judgement

all notes needes for contract law aqa in a checklist format with all cases and principles

Every single tort law aqa topic writeen in a clear checkliar format with all the ao1 needed to know and all cases and their principles

AQA A-Level Law // Paper One. Criminal Law Notes.

A level contract law summary. This document includes - formation of a contract - contract terms: general - contract terms: specific terms implied by statute law in relation to consumer contracts - contract terms: exclusion clauses - vitiating factors - discharge of a contract - remedies english legal systems - rule of law - delegated legislation - judiciary - independence of judiciary - access to justice and funding - document excludes ELS European Union questi...

Occupiers' Liability is a branch of negligence that deals with the duty of care owed by those who occupy land or premises to those who enter them. In the UK, this is governed by two separate statutes: the 1957 Act (for lawful visitors) and the 1984 Act (for trespassers). The core of any claim depends on identifying the Occupier (the person with "sufficient control" over the premises, per Wheat v E Lacon & Co) and the Premises (any fixed or moveable structure, including vessels, vehic...

The Duty of Care is the first essential element of a negligence claim. It establishes a legal relationship between the defendant and the claimant, requiring the defendant to act with reasonable care to avoid causing harm. In A-Level Law, you must distinguish between "established duties" (where the law already recognizes a relationship) and "novel situations" (where the court must decide if a duty should exist).

In Tort Law, Damages are the primary remedy aimed at restitution—putting the claimant back in the position they would have been in had the tort not occurred (Livingstone v Rawyards Coal Co). Unlike criminal fines, damages are compensatory, not punitive. The court divides damages into two main categories: Special Damages (calculable losses up to the date of trial) and General Damages (speculative losses looking into the future).

case directory

In Contract Law, not all terms are created equal. The classification of a term determines the remedy available to the innocent party if that term is broken. Under the traditional "two-part" classification, terms are either Conditions or Warranties, but modern law also recognizes Innominate Terms.

Loss of Control is the second statutory partial defence to murder, introduced by Sections 54 and 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. It replaced the old common law defence of "provocation." Like Diminished Responsibility, if successful, it reduces a murder charge to voluntary manslaughter, allowing for sentencing flexibility.

Diminished Responsibility is a statutory partial defence to murder, governed by Section 2 of the Homicide Act 1957 (as amended by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009). If successfully pleaded, it reduces a conviction from murder to voluntary manslaughter. This gives the judge sentencing discretion, allowing them to avoid the mandatory life sentence and instead impose a punishment that reflects the defendant's mental state, such as a hospital order.

Unlawful Act Manslaughter (also known as "Constructive Manslaughter") is a form of involuntary manslaughter where a defendant causes death while committing a lesser criminal act. Because the liability for the death is "constructed" from a minor crime, the prosecution does not need to prove that the defendant intended to kill or even foresaw a risk of death. According to the criteria established in R v Church, the prosecution must prove four elements: the defendant committed an unlawf...

Transferred Malice is a legal principle where a defendant’s criminal intent (mens rea) is shifted from their intended target to the actual victim. This doctrine ensures that a defendant cannot escape liability simply because their aim was poor or they hit the "wrong" person. As established in R v Latimer (1886), if a defendant attempts to strike one person but accidentally hits a bystander, the intent to harm the first person "transfers" to the second, satisfying the requirements f...