Universiteit Leiden (UL)

Lecture notes from Dr. Ethan Mark's Introduction to Modern Japanese History course at Leiden University (2024/25), covering Japan's transition from the Tokugawa shogunate through the Meiji Restoration. The document covers the Bakumatsu period (), key actors and pressure points in feudal Japan, nationalism, the Meiji Restoration's reforms, and major events like the Iwakura Mission and Satsuma Rebellion. Essential for understanding how Japan modernized and unified under the Meiji government—idea...

Lecture notes from Dr. Christopher Green's Modern Korean History course at Leiden University covering Korea's transition from the Chosŏn Dynasty into the modern era. The notes examine key topics including the Treaty of Kanghwa (1876), the Daewongun period, 19th-century reforms, and the ideological frameworks shaping modern Korea (imperialism, nationalism, authoritarianism, democracy). These well-organized notes clarify common misconceptions about the Chosŏn period and trace Korea's path throug...

Lecture notes from the Area Studies core curriculum at Leiden University. Topics include orientalism and Eurocentrism, area language and performativity, discourse analysis, challenges to Area Studies (orientalism and globalization), epistemology, and inhabitative area-making through dwelling and living-in. These notes provide essential foundational concepts for understanding how areas are constructed, maintained, and contested through language, ideology, and inhabitation—invaluable for exam pr...

This is a critical review essay for the Digital Crime course at Universiteit Leiden, analyzing Ezeji's 2024 article on emerging technologies, cybercrime, and misinformation strategies. The review examines methodological weaknesses, theoretical framework issues, and problematic data interpretation in the original study, with particular focus on mixed-methods design failures and sampling limitations. Useful for understanding academic critique standards, research methodology evaluation, and cybe...

Group paper for the Behavioural Change Approaches to Cybersecurity course (8921CS008) at Universiteit Leiden, examining public Wi-Fi security risks through a behavioural lens. The paper applies the PATH(S) model to analyze why users make unsafe Wi-Fi choices, covering problem identification, theoretical analysis, and intervention design using colour-coding and VPN prompts. Valuable for understanding how behavioural nudges can improve cybersecurity habits and for Crisis and Security Management st...

This literature review examines cyber conflict as a potential revolutionary change in global affairs, written for the Cyber Conflict in International Relations course at Leiden University's Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs. The paper analyzes three major scholarly perspectives: cyber conflict as revolutionary paradigm shift (power redistribution, institutional erosion), as evolutionary continuity (updated espionage and sabotage), and implications for global order and international law...

This argumentative paper for the Security: Actors, Institutions and Constellations course at Leiden University critically examines Tokdemir & Klein's diversionary-conflict model through the lens of Nigeria's Boko Haram crisis. The paper analyzes economic decline, state capacity erosion, and terrorist group behavior, arguing that the model's predictions fail to account for Boko Haram's actual strategic choices during this period. Essential reading for understanding crisis management,...

This argumentative paper examines Taehee Whang's domestic audience logic for sanctions policy through a deviant case study of the 2014 Obama-Cuba normalization. The paper challenges Whang's framework by analyzing why lifting sanctions without target compliance generated public approval rather than audience costs, arguing that presidential agency—not just coercive resolve—drives domestic political benefits from sanctions decisions. Using process tracing, polling data, and evidence of sh...

This essay examines how Ukraine's rule of law framework evolved during prolonged emergency governance from , using Bedner's elementary approach to analyze procedural elements, substantive rights, and controlling mechanisms. The analysis draws on World Justice Project Rule of Law Index data to trace differentiated responses across rule-of-law dimensions, revealing that procedural legality endured while civil liberties diminished significantly under martial law. Essential reading for the Sec...

This 1,498-word essay examines how AI-enabled targeting systems affect the rule of law in military operations for the Security and the Rule of Law course (8921M011) at Universiteit Leiden. The analysis focuses on the tension between operational efficiency and legal accountability, assessing how AI impacts necessity, proportionality, and accountability under international humanitarian law and the UN Charter. Essential reading for understanding the governance challenges posed by algorithmic milita...

This essay analyzes Brenton Tarrant's manifesto 'The Great Replacement' through the lens of ontological (in)security theory for the course Security Challenges in a Globalizing World at Leiden University. The paper examines how global processes like migration, economic instability, and cultural diversification create existential insecurity, and how individuals construct narratives of othering and purification to restore meaning and stability. Essential reading for understanding the psych...

Summary of Evolutiebiologie course at Leiden University covering key concepts in evolutionary biology. Topics include Tinbergen's four questions, human-induced evolution in fish populations, evolutionary impact assessments, inbreeding effects, conservation biology strategies, pathogen evolution and antibiotic resistance, and applications in agriculture. Well-structured summary ideal for exam preparation, covering both theoretical frameworks and practical real-world examples like COVID-19 vari...

Crisis and Security Management Msc - Learning & Accountability + Mandatory Reading Summaries. + Opinion paper - Professional review of an investigation report (grade 9). + Final paper - Critical Review of an Academic Journal Article (grade 7). Week 1 - 7 of L&A, given at Leiden University. No AI was used! Also, all proceeds from this summary go to humanitarian aid organizations supporting disaster and conflict zones.

Complete summary of the mandatory chapters for the exam of the PAICD course of the Health and Medical Psychology master at the University of Leiden. (I scored 9.4/10 for the exam using this summary).

Summary of the mandatory chapters for the CBI exam for the Master Health and Medical Psychology at the University of Leiden. (I scored an 8.3/10 on the exam with this summary!)

Final essay for Russian Politics at Universiteit Leiden examining how elections in Russia have transformed under Putin's rule from imperfect but competitive processes to orchestrated regime endorsements. The essay analyzes electoral developments across three main sections: the state of elections in the 2000s, specific changes over time including opposition management and ballot fraud, and the regime's rationale for structuring elections as they have.

This current affairs memo analyzes the shutdown of Golos, Russia's only independent election monitoring organization, and its implications for Russian democracy. The document examines how the regime's elimination of Golos reflects broader patterns of democratic erosion, institutional control, and the shift toward hegemonic electoral autocracy.

This is my extensive summary of the lectures of the course Sexology of the Bachelor Psychology (Year 2). This summary contains extensive explanation of models, theories and biology of human sexuality. I also describe the humal sexual disorders according to the DMS-5, informative examples and in the last part of my summary i have included practice exam questions discussed during the lectures. With my background in the medical field (due to my Bachelors degree in Medicine), i've made this summa...

This is my extensive summary from the lecture of the course Health and Medical Psychology at Universiteit Leiden of the Bachelor Psychology (year 2). For the exam I only studied this summary and I got an 8.0. My background in the medical field (due to my Bachelors degree in Medicine) had helped me make this summary as accurate as possible. This summary includes extensive explanation of models/theories, pictures of the models and theories, informative examples and it follows the structure of the ...

Reading notes for Cyber Crisis Management and Resilience (8921CS006) at Universiteit Leiden, synthesizing key literature on how organizations handle cyber incidents as enterprise-wide crises. Coverage includes cyber incident escalation models, crisis communication theory (SCCT), ransomware impacts, data breach consequences, organizational preparedness frameworks, post-incident psychological effects, and Security Operations Center effectiveness. Essential for understanding the socio-technical dim...