COMPUTERS

1.1 Introduction to Neurosurgery • History and evolution of neurosurgery • Ethical issues in neurosurgery • Professionalism and patient safety • Informed consent and documentation 1.2 Basic Neurosurgical Techniques • Sterile techniques and aseptic procedures • Handling of surgical instruments • Suturing techniques • Wound care and post-operative management 1.3 Neuroanatomy and Physiology • Central nervous system (CNS) anatomy (brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves) ...

I. Introduction to Neurocritical Care • Overview of Neurocritical Care o Definition, history, and evolution of neurocritical care o Scope of practice and roles in healthcare • Neurocritical Care Team Composition o Roles of neurointensivists, nurses, respiratory therapists, physical therapists, and other specialists o Multidisciplinary collaboration in patient management • Patient Population o Acute neurological conditions treated in the ICU o Characteristics of neurocritical care ...

I. Renal Anatomy and Physiology 1. Anatomy of the Kidneys o Gross anatomy: structure and regions (cortex, medulla, pelvis) o Nephron anatomy: glomerulus, tubules (proximal, distal, loop of Henle, collecting duct) o Renal blood flow and vascular structure o The renal hilum and its contents 2. Renal Physiology o Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion o Regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) o Tubular functions: sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate handling o Mechanisms of a...

1. Neonatal Physiology and Pathophysiology • Normal neonatal physiology o Fetal development and transition to extra-uterine life o Respiratory adaptation after birth: pulmonary circulation and ventilation o Cardiovascular adaptation: ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, and circulation o Thermoregulation and metabolic adaptation o Neurological adaptation and development • Pathophysiology of common neonatal conditions o Hypoxia, acidosis, and metabolic disturbances o Pulmonary and cardi...

1. Toxicology Principles • Basic Toxicology Concepts o Definitions: Toxicant vs. Toxin vs. Poison o Dose-Response Relationship o Toxicokinetics: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion o Toxicodynamics: Mechanisms of Toxicity o Pharmacokinetics in Toxicology (e.g., First-Pass Effect, Half-Life) • Toxicology Pathophysiology o Cell Injury and Death Mechanisms (Necrosis, Apoptosis, Autophagy) o Organ-Specific Toxicity (e.g., Liver, Kidney, CNS) o Mechanisms of Organ System Fai...

I. Radiation Physics Fundamentals A. Basic Physics Principles • Atomic and subatomic structure • Radiation types: Alpha, beta, gamma, X-rays, and neutrons • Principles of wave-particle duality • Energy and matter interactions • Electromagnetic spectrum and radiation • Units of radiation: Becquerels, Gray, Sievert, Coulombs, etc. B. Radiation Measurement and Detection • Radiation detectors: Ionization chambers, scintillation counters, semiconductor detectors • Detection ...

1. Principles of Oncology • Overview of Cancer Biology o Cellular mechanisms of oncogenesis (mutations, gene expression, tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes) o Hallmarks of cancer (sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, enabling replicative immortality, etc.) o Tumor microenvironment and tumor-host interactions o Cancer stem cells and their role in metastasis • Carcinogenesis o Chemical, physical, and biological carcinogens o Molecular pathways of tumor initiat...

1. Genetics Fundamentals • Basic Principles of Genetics o Gene structure and function o Transmission of genetic material: Mendelian inheritance o Genotype vs. phenotype o Allelic variation and mutation types • Molecular Genetics o DNA replication, transcription, and translation o Genetic recombination and mapping o Gene regulation and expression • Genomic Imprinting o Mechanisms of imprinting o Disorders related to imprinting defects (e.g., Prader-Willi, Angelman) • Genetic ...

1. Basic Principles of Maternal-Fetal Medicine • Introduction to Maternal-Fetal Medicine o Role and scope of a Maternal-Fetal Medicine (MFM) specialist o Overview of clinical, academic, and research responsibilities • Fetal Development and Physiology o Stages of fetal development and key milestones o Fetal circulatory, renal, and gastrointestinal systems o Fetal growth patterns and the factors influencing them • Maternal Physiology o Physiological changes during pregnancy (cardiov...

1. Molecular Genetics • Fundamentals of Molecular Biology o Structure and function of DNA, RNA, and proteins o Gene expression and regulation o DNA replication, transcription, and translation o Genomic and epigenomic regulation o Techniques in molecular genetics (e.g., PCR, RT-PCR, Southern and Northern blotting, DNA sequencing) • Genetic Variation o Types of mutations (e.g., point mutations, insertions, deletions) o Structural variants (e.g., copy number variations, inversions) o ...