environmental engineering

It has been reported that are the warmest years in the history of instrumentation (since 1850) and the global surface temperature rise is attributed to the greenhouse gases effect. The combined global land and ocean surface temperature for July 2010 was the second warmest on record, behind 1998, and the warmest average January-July on record. The effects of global warming will bring changes in annual average precipitation values in the order of ±20%. The southern African region has been pr...

Africa has six climate types namely: tropical rainforest climate near the equator and tropical savanna climate north and south of the tropical rain forest. The tropical savanna grades poleward in both hemispheres into a region of semiarid steppe. Narrow belts of Mediterranean type of climate are found the northern and southern extremities of the continent. Africa has 160 lakes and 61 international rivers shared by two or more countries. The largest basins are; Congo, Nile, Zambezi, Niger and ...

Human activities, however, are now raising the concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere and thus increasing their ability to trap energy. The global greenhouse gas emissions due to anthropogenic activities have increased since pre-industrial times with an increase of about 70% between 1970 and 2004 (IPCC, 2007). Man-made carbon dioxide which, is the most important contributor to the enhanced greenhouse gases effect, comes mainly from the use of coal, fossil fuel/oil, and natural gas. It i...

The African coast line is about 26,000 km (16,000 mi) long. Major cities that lie along the African coastline to name a few are: Cape Town, Durban, Maputo, Dar es Salaam, Kinshasa, Alexandria, Casablanca, Abidjan, Accra and Lagos. Sea-level rise as an impact of human-induced climate change has significant implications to low-lying coastal areas and beyond. The coastal zone contains valuable ecosystems and typically has higher population densities than inland areas (Small and Nicholls, 2003; McGr...

Dar es Salaam is the city with largest number of industries in Tanzania. However, the water demand for the industries is more than the supply. Therefor, there is a water use competing problem among the industries. Dynamic programming technique has been applied to optimally allocate the available water among industries with the objective of maximizing the net benefits. The results reveal that industries with the highest net return per unit of water use was given the first priority of being alloca...

Abstract The enhanced greenhouse gas effect is expected to cause high temperature increase globally (1.0 to 3.5 degrees Celsius) and this will lead to an increase in precipitation in some regions while other regions will experience reduced precipitation (±20%). The impact of expected climate change will affect almost all the sectors of the human endeavor. However, the major purpose of this paper is the management of water resources under climate change for peace and prosperity in Swaziland. T...

Abstract The enhanced greenhouse gas effect is expected to cause high temperature increase globally (1.0–3.5 oC) and this will lead to an increase in precipitation in some regions while other regions will experience reduced precipitation (±20%). The impact of expected climate change will affect almost all the sectors of the human endeavor. However, the major purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources for Swaziland. The impact of climat...

This document covers the definition of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). It covers the six programme, areas which were adopted by the international conference on water and environment held in Dublin Ireland in January 1992. The principles and key elements of IWRM are presented. Implementation of IWRM, environmental management principles and management policies in the water sector inclusive. Stakeholder mapping, identification of the drivers of stakeholder engagement and collaboration...

This lecture manuscript consists of 9 chapters. Chapter 1:the development in hydrology the hydrologic cycle and its components. Chapter2:the atmosphere with the formation and types of precipitation, measurement of precipitation and the determination of average precipitation, intensity-duration-frequency curves, frequency analysis and probable maximum precipitation. Chapter 3: evaporation transpiration measurement evaporation and its estimation. Chapter 4: infiltration, factors influencing the ra...