,Inhoudsopgave
1. Het vak economie ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Wetenschap van het voortdurende tekort ................................................................................ 5
1.2 Welvaartsmaatstaven............................................................................................................ 5
1.3 Naar een nieuwe economie.................................................................................................... 6
2. Economische systemen ............................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Productie door de eeuwen heen ............................................................................................. 7
2.2 Gemeenschapseconomie...................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Markteconomie .................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Planeconomie ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Gemengde economie ...........................................................................................................10
2.6 Duurzame markteconomie ...................................................................................................10
3. De menselijke beslisser in de economie ....................................................................................11
3.1 Het mensbeeld van Adam Smith ............................................................................................11
3.2 De homo economicus in de neoklassieke economie ................................................................11
3.3 Gedragseconomie ...............................................................................................................12
4. Vraag en aanbod ......................................................................................................................15
4.1 Vraag ..................................................................................................................................15
4.2 Aanbod ...............................................................................................................................17
5. Markt .......................................................................................................................................20
5.1 Marktevenwicht ...................................................................................................................20
5.2 Stabiliteit van het marktevenwicht .........................................................................................20
5.3 Marktprijs, waarde en ‘echte’ prijs ..........................................................................................21
5.4 Overheidsingrijpen ...............................................................................................................22
5.5 Marktvormen .......................................................................................................................23
6. Bedrijfstak ...............................................................................................................................25
6.1 Bedrijfsindeling ....................................................................................................................25
6.2 Concurrentie en concurrentiepositie ......................................................................................27
7. Concurrentie ...........................................................................................................................28
7.1 Belang van concurrentie .......................................................................................................28
7.2 Interne concurrentie ............................................................................................................28
7.3 Externe concurrentie ............................................................................................................30
7.4 Potentiële concurrentie ........................................................................................................30
7.5 Concurrentiebeperking en toezicht ........................................................................................31
8. Produceren ..............................................................................................................................33
, 8.1 Productie ............................................................................................................................33
8.2 Productiefactoren ................................................................................................................34
8.3 Economische groei of krimp? ................................................................................................37
9. Verdelen ..................................................................................................................................40
9.1 Ongelijkheid in de wereld ......................................................................................................40
9.2 Visies op de inkomensverdeling .............................................................................................40
9.3 Inkomensongelijkheid en economische ontwikkeling ...............................................................41
9.4 Personele inkomensverdeling ................................................................................................41
9.5 Sociale zekerheid.................................................................................................................43
9.6 Categoriale inkomensverdeling .............................................................................................45
9.7 Vermogensverdeling.............................................................................................................45
10. Besteden ...............................................................................................................................46
10.1 Middelen en bestedingen ....................................................................................................46
10.2 Consumptie ......................................................................................................................46
10.3 Investeringen .....................................................................................................................47
10.4 Overheidsbestedingen ........................................................................................................48
10.5 Export en import ................................................................................................................48
11. De macro-economische kringloop ..........................................................................................49
11.1 Van micro- naar macro-economie........................................................................................49
11.2 Macro-economie: de kringloopgedachte...............................................................................49
12. Conjunctuur ...........................................................................................................................51
12.1 Conjunctuurverloop ...........................................................................................................51
12.2 Registratie en prognose van de conjunctuur ..........................................................................52
12.3 Inflatie ..............................................................................................................................53
12.4 Conjunctuurbeleid .............................................................................................................54
13. Overheid ................................................................................................................................54
13.1 Collectieve sector ..............................................................................................................54
13.2 Taken van de overheid ........................................................................................................55
13.3 Inkomsten van de overheid ..................................................................................................56
13.4 Overheidssaldo en -schuld ..................................................................................................57
14. Aanbod van geld .....................................................................................................................58
14.1 Functies van geld ...............................................................................................................58
14.2 Geldsoorten en geldschepping ............................................................................................58
14.3 Geldhoeveelheid ................................................................................................................60
15. Banken en de financiële sector ...............................................................................................61
15.1 Financiële instellingen ........................................................................................................61
, 15.2 Toezicht op banken.............................................................................................................61
15.3 ‘Financialisering’ van de economie .......................................................................................63
15.4 Naar een duurzame financiële sector ...................................................................................63
16. Vraag naar geld en monetair beleid .........................................................................................64
16.1 Vraag naar geld ..................................................................................................................64
16.2 Monetair beleid ..................................................................................................................65
17. Vermogensmarkten ................................................................................................................67
17.1 Functie en indeling van de vermogensmarkten ......................................................................67
17.2 Geldmarkt .........................................................................................................................67
17.3 Kapitaalmarkt ....................................................................................................................68
17.4 Rentestructuur ..................................................................................................................69
18. Internationale economische ontwikkelingen ...........................................................................70
18.1 Wereldeconomie in beeld ...................................................................................................70
18.2 Globalisering: het einde van een tijdperk? .............................................................................71
19. Vrijhandel en protectionisme ..................................................................................................73
19.1 Comparatieve kostentheorie en vrijhandel ............................................................................73
19.2 Protectionisme ..................................................................................................................74
19.3 Betalingsbalans .................................................................................................................75
20. Internationale samenwerking .................................................................................................76
20.1 Regionale economische samenwerking ................................................................................76
20.2 Europese Unie ...................................................................................................................77
20.3 Internationale organisaties ..................................................................................................79
21. Valutamarkt ...........................................................................................................................80
21.1 Kenmerken van de valutamarkt ............................................................................................80
21.2 Wisselkoers .......................................................................................................................81
21.3 Euro: zegen of vloek? ..........................................................................................................81
1. Het vak economie ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Wetenschap van het voortdurende tekort ................................................................................ 5
1.2 Welvaartsmaatstaven............................................................................................................ 5
1.3 Naar een nieuwe economie.................................................................................................... 6
2. Economische systemen ............................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Productie door de eeuwen heen ............................................................................................. 7
2.2 Gemeenschapseconomie...................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Markteconomie .................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Planeconomie ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Gemengde economie ...........................................................................................................10
2.6 Duurzame markteconomie ...................................................................................................10
3. De menselijke beslisser in de economie ....................................................................................11
3.1 Het mensbeeld van Adam Smith ............................................................................................11
3.2 De homo economicus in de neoklassieke economie ................................................................11
3.3 Gedragseconomie ...............................................................................................................12
4. Vraag en aanbod ......................................................................................................................15
4.1 Vraag ..................................................................................................................................15
4.2 Aanbod ...............................................................................................................................17
5. Markt .......................................................................................................................................20
5.1 Marktevenwicht ...................................................................................................................20
5.2 Stabiliteit van het marktevenwicht .........................................................................................20
5.3 Marktprijs, waarde en ‘echte’ prijs ..........................................................................................21
5.4 Overheidsingrijpen ...............................................................................................................22
5.5 Marktvormen .......................................................................................................................23
6. Bedrijfstak ...............................................................................................................................25
6.1 Bedrijfsindeling ....................................................................................................................25
6.2 Concurrentie en concurrentiepositie ......................................................................................27
7. Concurrentie ...........................................................................................................................28
7.1 Belang van concurrentie .......................................................................................................28
7.2 Interne concurrentie ............................................................................................................28
7.3 Externe concurrentie ............................................................................................................30
7.4 Potentiële concurrentie ........................................................................................................30
7.5 Concurrentiebeperking en toezicht ........................................................................................31
8. Produceren ..............................................................................................................................33
, 8.1 Productie ............................................................................................................................33
8.2 Productiefactoren ................................................................................................................34
8.3 Economische groei of krimp? ................................................................................................37
9. Verdelen ..................................................................................................................................40
9.1 Ongelijkheid in de wereld ......................................................................................................40
9.2 Visies op de inkomensverdeling .............................................................................................40
9.3 Inkomensongelijkheid en economische ontwikkeling ...............................................................41
9.4 Personele inkomensverdeling ................................................................................................41
9.5 Sociale zekerheid.................................................................................................................43
9.6 Categoriale inkomensverdeling .............................................................................................45
9.7 Vermogensverdeling.............................................................................................................45
10. Besteden ...............................................................................................................................46
10.1 Middelen en bestedingen ....................................................................................................46
10.2 Consumptie ......................................................................................................................46
10.3 Investeringen .....................................................................................................................47
10.4 Overheidsbestedingen ........................................................................................................48
10.5 Export en import ................................................................................................................48
11. De macro-economische kringloop ..........................................................................................49
11.1 Van micro- naar macro-economie........................................................................................49
11.2 Macro-economie: de kringloopgedachte...............................................................................49
12. Conjunctuur ...........................................................................................................................51
12.1 Conjunctuurverloop ...........................................................................................................51
12.2 Registratie en prognose van de conjunctuur ..........................................................................52
12.3 Inflatie ..............................................................................................................................53
12.4 Conjunctuurbeleid .............................................................................................................54
13. Overheid ................................................................................................................................54
13.1 Collectieve sector ..............................................................................................................54
13.2 Taken van de overheid ........................................................................................................55
13.3 Inkomsten van de overheid ..................................................................................................56
13.4 Overheidssaldo en -schuld ..................................................................................................57
14. Aanbod van geld .....................................................................................................................58
14.1 Functies van geld ...............................................................................................................58
14.2 Geldsoorten en geldschepping ............................................................................................58
14.3 Geldhoeveelheid ................................................................................................................60
15. Banken en de financiële sector ...............................................................................................61
15.1 Financiële instellingen ........................................................................................................61
, 15.2 Toezicht op banken.............................................................................................................61
15.3 ‘Financialisering’ van de economie .......................................................................................63
15.4 Naar een duurzame financiële sector ...................................................................................63
16. Vraag naar geld en monetair beleid .........................................................................................64
16.1 Vraag naar geld ..................................................................................................................64
16.2 Monetair beleid ..................................................................................................................65
17. Vermogensmarkten ................................................................................................................67
17.1 Functie en indeling van de vermogensmarkten ......................................................................67
17.2 Geldmarkt .........................................................................................................................67
17.3 Kapitaalmarkt ....................................................................................................................68
17.4 Rentestructuur ..................................................................................................................69
18. Internationale economische ontwikkelingen ...........................................................................70
18.1 Wereldeconomie in beeld ...................................................................................................70
18.2 Globalisering: het einde van een tijdperk? .............................................................................71
19. Vrijhandel en protectionisme ..................................................................................................73
19.1 Comparatieve kostentheorie en vrijhandel ............................................................................73
19.2 Protectionisme ..................................................................................................................74
19.3 Betalingsbalans .................................................................................................................75
20. Internationale samenwerking .................................................................................................76
20.1 Regionale economische samenwerking ................................................................................76
20.2 Europese Unie ...................................................................................................................77
20.3 Internationale organisaties ..................................................................................................79
21. Valutamarkt ...........................................................................................................................80
21.1 Kenmerken van de valutamarkt ............................................................................................80
21.2 Wisselkoers .......................................................................................................................81
21.3 Euro: zegen of vloek? ..........................................................................................................81
