2023
MQ summary –Moving Questions: an introduction
to clinical human movement sciences
,Table of contents
Anatomy lower limb ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Passive stabilizers ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Knee ligaments ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Muscles of gluteal region ................................................................................................................................... 4
Muscles of the anterior thigh ............................................................................................................................. 6
Muscles of the posterior thigh ............................................................................................................................ 8
Muscles of the medial thigh ............................................................................................................................... 9
Muscles in the lower leg ................................................................................................................................... 10
Gait cycle .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Statics and Dynamics .................................................................................................................................... 15
Statics ............................................................................................................................................................... 15
Moment of force .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Newton’s Laws ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Free body diagram and problem solving ..................................................................................................... 16
Example ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
Dynamics .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Circle motions .............................................................................................................................................. 18
Second law of Newton ................................................................................................................................. 18
Example ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
Inverse dynamics .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Method ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
Requirements ............................................................................................................................................... 20
Example ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
Recording and Analysing Signals ................................................................................................................... 21
Sampling ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
Measuring the amount of noise................................................................................................................... 21
Step response ............................................................................................................................................... 22
Neurons ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
EMG ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
Physiology .................................................................................................................................................... 24
Sensorimotor control ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Brake-accelerator model ............................................................................................................................. 24
Association Cortex ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Secondary motor cortex ............................................................................................................................... 25
Cerebellum and basal ganglia ..................................................................................................................... 25
Vestibular system ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Vestibular labyrinth ..................................................................................................................................... 26
Ampulla........................................................................................................................................................ 26
Otolith organs .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Vestibular pathways .................................................................................................................................... 26
Proprioception .................................................................................................................................................. 27
Exteroceptive reflex ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Integration of sensory input......................................................................................................................... 27
Efference copy ............................................................................................................................................. 27
2
, Psychological Phenomena ................................................................................................................................ 27
Biological motion ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Rubber hand Illusion .................................................................................................................................... 28
Self-consciousness ............................................................................................................................................ 28
Energy and Training (Energy systems).............................................................................................................. 29
Skeletal muscle energy supply ..................................................................................................................... 29
Energy release from carbohydrates ............................................................................................................. 31
Energy release from fat ............................................................................................................................... 32
Energy metabolism during exercise ............................................................................................................. 33
Measurements of energy expenditure ......................................................................................................... 34
Exercise tests................................................................................................................................................ 35
Balance control ............................................................................................................................................. 37
Quiet standing balance (‘Steady state’) ........................................................................................................... 37
Centre of pressure (COP) .............................................................................................................................. 37
Balance control strategies ........................................................................................................................... 38
Sensory information used ............................................................................................................................ 38
Proactive balance control ................................................................................................................................. 38
Reactive balance control .................................................................................................................................. 39
Stepping strategies ...................................................................................................................................... 40
Change in support reactions ........................................................................................................................ 40
Neural control of balance ................................................................................................................................. 40
Motor learning ................................................................................................................................................. 40
Lab Visits ...................................................................................................................................................... 41
BIA (Bio Electric Impedance Analysis) ............................................................................................................... 41
C-Mill ................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Biodex Pro......................................................................................................................................................... 41
Force Plates ...................................................................................................................................................... 42
VICON ............................................................................................................................................................... 42
ActivPal ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
Falls simulator .................................................................................................................................................. 43
EMG .................................................................................................................................................................. 44
Respiratory muscle ultrasound ......................................................................................................................... 45
6 Minutes Walking Test (6MWT) ...................................................................................................................... 45
MTS + FE model ................................................................................................................................................ 45
(Estimated) Core temperature .......................................................................................................................... 45
3
, Anatomy lower limb
Passive stabilizers
‘’slotrotatie’’ = endorotation of the femur
Tibiaplateau = lateral concave and medial convex
Knee ligaments
Lateral collateral (LCL)
Medial collateral (MCL)
Anterior cruciate (ACL)
Posterior cruciate (PCL)
Dorsal Joint capsule: lig. Popliteum obliquum and lig. Popliteum arcuatum
Menisci: Medial shapes ‘’C’’, has 2 attachments with the tibia and lateral shapes ‘’O’’ and has 3
attachments with the tibia.
Suprapatellar bursa: Helps to allow the quadriceps tendons to move more easily over your femur
when you bend and straighten your knee.
Patellar retinaculum medial: a wide band of fibers that run from the lower border of the m. vastus
medialis down to slip underneath the pes anserinus superficialis (ganzenvoetje)
Patellar retinaculum lateral: huge and compact band of fibers, originating from the tractus iliotibialis
and inserting on its own tubercle just below the joint gap (Gerdy’s tubercle), but also giving fibers to
cross the patellar ligament in a circular fashion.
Muscles of gluteal region
Name Function Origo – insertion
Obturator internus Externally rotate the hip inner side of membrana
obturatoria and rim of foramen
obturatum – fossa
trochanterica
Obturator externus Externally rotate the hip the rami of pubis and ischium-
the piriformis fossa
Piriformis Externally rotate the hip the anterior surface of the
sacrum, between the sacral
foramina- Greater trochanter of
the femur
Superior gemellus Externally rotate the hip Lateral surface of ischial
tuberosity - Medial surface of
the greater trochanter
Inferior gemellus Externally rotate the hip Ischial tuberosity and lower
part of lesser sciatic notch -
Medial surface of greater
trochanter of femur
Quadratus femoris Externally rotate the hip Lateral margin of obturator ring
above ischial tuberosity-
Quadrate tubercle and
adjacent bone of
intertrochanteric crest of
proximal posterior femur
4
MQ summary –Moving Questions: an introduction
to clinical human movement sciences
,Table of contents
Anatomy lower limb ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Passive stabilizers ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Knee ligaments ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Muscles of gluteal region ................................................................................................................................... 4
Muscles of the anterior thigh ............................................................................................................................. 6
Muscles of the posterior thigh ............................................................................................................................ 8
Muscles of the medial thigh ............................................................................................................................... 9
Muscles in the lower leg ................................................................................................................................... 10
Gait cycle .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Statics and Dynamics .................................................................................................................................... 15
Statics ............................................................................................................................................................... 15
Moment of force .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Newton’s Laws ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Free body diagram and problem solving ..................................................................................................... 16
Example ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
Dynamics .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Circle motions .............................................................................................................................................. 18
Second law of Newton ................................................................................................................................. 18
Example ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
Inverse dynamics .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Method ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
Requirements ............................................................................................................................................... 20
Example ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
Recording and Analysing Signals ................................................................................................................... 21
Sampling ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
Measuring the amount of noise................................................................................................................... 21
Step response ............................................................................................................................................... 22
Neurons ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
EMG ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
Physiology .................................................................................................................................................... 24
Sensorimotor control ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Brake-accelerator model ............................................................................................................................. 24
Association Cortex ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Secondary motor cortex ............................................................................................................................... 25
Cerebellum and basal ganglia ..................................................................................................................... 25
Vestibular system ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Vestibular labyrinth ..................................................................................................................................... 26
Ampulla........................................................................................................................................................ 26
Otolith organs .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Vestibular pathways .................................................................................................................................... 26
Proprioception .................................................................................................................................................. 27
Exteroceptive reflex ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Integration of sensory input......................................................................................................................... 27
Efference copy ............................................................................................................................................. 27
2
, Psychological Phenomena ................................................................................................................................ 27
Biological motion ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Rubber hand Illusion .................................................................................................................................... 28
Self-consciousness ............................................................................................................................................ 28
Energy and Training (Energy systems).............................................................................................................. 29
Skeletal muscle energy supply ..................................................................................................................... 29
Energy release from carbohydrates ............................................................................................................. 31
Energy release from fat ............................................................................................................................... 32
Energy metabolism during exercise ............................................................................................................. 33
Measurements of energy expenditure ......................................................................................................... 34
Exercise tests................................................................................................................................................ 35
Balance control ............................................................................................................................................. 37
Quiet standing balance (‘Steady state’) ........................................................................................................... 37
Centre of pressure (COP) .............................................................................................................................. 37
Balance control strategies ........................................................................................................................... 38
Sensory information used ............................................................................................................................ 38
Proactive balance control ................................................................................................................................. 38
Reactive balance control .................................................................................................................................. 39
Stepping strategies ...................................................................................................................................... 40
Change in support reactions ........................................................................................................................ 40
Neural control of balance ................................................................................................................................. 40
Motor learning ................................................................................................................................................. 40
Lab Visits ...................................................................................................................................................... 41
BIA (Bio Electric Impedance Analysis) ............................................................................................................... 41
C-Mill ................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Biodex Pro......................................................................................................................................................... 41
Force Plates ...................................................................................................................................................... 42
VICON ............................................................................................................................................................... 42
ActivPal ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
Falls simulator .................................................................................................................................................. 43
EMG .................................................................................................................................................................. 44
Respiratory muscle ultrasound ......................................................................................................................... 45
6 Minutes Walking Test (6MWT) ...................................................................................................................... 45
MTS + FE model ................................................................................................................................................ 45
(Estimated) Core temperature .......................................................................................................................... 45
3
, Anatomy lower limb
Passive stabilizers
‘’slotrotatie’’ = endorotation of the femur
Tibiaplateau = lateral concave and medial convex
Knee ligaments
Lateral collateral (LCL)
Medial collateral (MCL)
Anterior cruciate (ACL)
Posterior cruciate (PCL)
Dorsal Joint capsule: lig. Popliteum obliquum and lig. Popliteum arcuatum
Menisci: Medial shapes ‘’C’’, has 2 attachments with the tibia and lateral shapes ‘’O’’ and has 3
attachments with the tibia.
Suprapatellar bursa: Helps to allow the quadriceps tendons to move more easily over your femur
when you bend and straighten your knee.
Patellar retinaculum medial: a wide band of fibers that run from the lower border of the m. vastus
medialis down to slip underneath the pes anserinus superficialis (ganzenvoetje)
Patellar retinaculum lateral: huge and compact band of fibers, originating from the tractus iliotibialis
and inserting on its own tubercle just below the joint gap (Gerdy’s tubercle), but also giving fibers to
cross the patellar ligament in a circular fashion.
Muscles of gluteal region
Name Function Origo – insertion
Obturator internus Externally rotate the hip inner side of membrana
obturatoria and rim of foramen
obturatum – fossa
trochanterica
Obturator externus Externally rotate the hip the rami of pubis and ischium-
the piriformis fossa
Piriformis Externally rotate the hip the anterior surface of the
sacrum, between the sacral
foramina- Greater trochanter of
the femur
Superior gemellus Externally rotate the hip Lateral surface of ischial
tuberosity - Medial surface of
the greater trochanter
Inferior gemellus Externally rotate the hip Ischial tuberosity and lower
part of lesser sciatic notch -
Medial surface of greater
trochanter of femur
Quadratus femoris Externally rotate the hip Lateral margin of obturator ring
above ischial tuberosity-
Quadrate tubercle and
adjacent bone of
intertrochanteric crest of
proximal posterior femur
4
