Development, Learning & Behaviour
Samenvatting tussentoets A
Literatuur:
Siegler Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, Ch5
Chapter 1; An Introduction to Child Development.
- Learning about child development is valuable; it helps make better parents, inform views on
social issues, and improve understanding of human nature.
- Great thinkers for forming theories (posing hypothesis):
Plato, Aristotle, Locke, and Rousseau.
Beliefs Educational goals
Plato Long-term welfare of society depends on Self-control and discipline as the
proper raising of children. Careful upbringing, most important goals. Children have
other would lead to rebellion or unruliness. innate knowledge.
Aristotle “ ” Fitting needs for individual children.
Knowledge comes from experience.
Locke Views child as tabula rasa development largely Character growth is the most
reflects nurture. (By parents and society) important.
Rousseau Parents and society should give children Children learn from their own
maximum freedom. spontaneous actions.
- The field of child development is an attempt to answer a set of fundamental questions:
1. How do nature and nurture together shape development?
2. How do children shape their own development?
3. In what ways is development continuous/discontinuous?
4. How does change occur?
5. How does sociocultural context influence development?
6. How do children become so different from one another?
7. How can research promote children’s well-being?
- Development reflects both nature and nurture.
- Young children contribute to their own development through their patterns of attention, use of
language and choice of activities. (Nurture)
- Context and surroundings shape development: people that children interact with, participation
in institutions, societal beliefs, and values (Nurture)
- Developmental changes involve interplay among experiences, genes, brain structure and -
activity. (Nature)
- Individual differences, even among siblings, reflects differences in children’s genes. (Nature)
Key terms:
Amygdala increments, like a tree
An area of the brain that Cognitive development growing taller.
is involved in emotional The development of
reactions. thinking and reasoning. Discontinuous
development
Clinical interview Continuous The idea that changes
A procedure in which development with age include
the questions are The idea that changes occasional large shifts,
adjusted in accord with with age occur like the transition from
the answers the gradually, in small caterpillar to butterfly.
interviewee provides.
, Cross-sectional design the presence or absence Naturalistic
Research method in of phenomena or observation
which participants of relations. Examination of ongoing
different ages are behaviour in an
compared on a given Independent variable environment that is not
behaviour or The experience that controlled by the
characteristic over a participants in the researcher.
short period. experimental group
receive, and that those Nature
Cumulative risks in the control group do Biological endowment:
The accumulation of not receive. // The the genes we receive
disadvantages overs variable that is changed from our parents.
years of development. for the sake of the
research. Nurture
Dependent variable The environments, both
The variable that is Internal validity physical and social, that
measured to determined Degree to which effects influence our
whether it is affected by observed in experiments development.
exposure to the can be attributed to the
independent variable. factor that the researcher Neurotransmitters
is testing. Chemicals involved in
Direction-of-causation communication between
problem Interrater reliability brain cells.
The concept that a The amount of
correlation between two agreement in Random assignment
variables does not observations between A procedure in which
indicate which, if either, raters who witness the each participants has an
variable is the cause of same behaviour. equal chance of being
the other. assigned to each group.
Longitudinal design
Epigenetics Method of study in Reliability
The study of stable which the same The degree to which
changes in gene participants are studied measurements are
expression that are twice or more over a consistent.
meditated by the substantial length of
environment. time. Scientific method
An approach to testing
External validity Methylation beliefs that involves
Degree to which the A biochemical process choosing a question,
results can be that influences formulating a
generalised beyond the behaviour by supressing hypothesis, testing the
particulars of the gene activity and hypothesis, and drawing
research. expression. a conclusion.
Genome Microgenetic design Sociocultural context
Each person’s complete Method of study in The physical, social,
set of hereditary which the same cultural, economic, and
information. participants are studied historical circumstances
repeatedly over a short that make up any child’s
Hypotheses period. development.
Testable predictions of
Samenvatting tussentoets A
Literatuur:
Siegler Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, Ch5
Chapter 1; An Introduction to Child Development.
- Learning about child development is valuable; it helps make better parents, inform views on
social issues, and improve understanding of human nature.
- Great thinkers for forming theories (posing hypothesis):
Plato, Aristotle, Locke, and Rousseau.
Beliefs Educational goals
Plato Long-term welfare of society depends on Self-control and discipline as the
proper raising of children. Careful upbringing, most important goals. Children have
other would lead to rebellion or unruliness. innate knowledge.
Aristotle “ ” Fitting needs for individual children.
Knowledge comes from experience.
Locke Views child as tabula rasa development largely Character growth is the most
reflects nurture. (By parents and society) important.
Rousseau Parents and society should give children Children learn from their own
maximum freedom. spontaneous actions.
- The field of child development is an attempt to answer a set of fundamental questions:
1. How do nature and nurture together shape development?
2. How do children shape their own development?
3. In what ways is development continuous/discontinuous?
4. How does change occur?
5. How does sociocultural context influence development?
6. How do children become so different from one another?
7. How can research promote children’s well-being?
- Development reflects both nature and nurture.
- Young children contribute to their own development through their patterns of attention, use of
language and choice of activities. (Nurture)
- Context and surroundings shape development: people that children interact with, participation
in institutions, societal beliefs, and values (Nurture)
- Developmental changes involve interplay among experiences, genes, brain structure and -
activity. (Nature)
- Individual differences, even among siblings, reflects differences in children’s genes. (Nature)
Key terms:
Amygdala increments, like a tree
An area of the brain that Cognitive development growing taller.
is involved in emotional The development of
reactions. thinking and reasoning. Discontinuous
development
Clinical interview Continuous The idea that changes
A procedure in which development with age include
the questions are The idea that changes occasional large shifts,
adjusted in accord with with age occur like the transition from
the answers the gradually, in small caterpillar to butterfly.
interviewee provides.
, Cross-sectional design the presence or absence Naturalistic
Research method in of phenomena or observation
which participants of relations. Examination of ongoing
different ages are behaviour in an
compared on a given Independent variable environment that is not
behaviour or The experience that controlled by the
characteristic over a participants in the researcher.
short period. experimental group
receive, and that those Nature
Cumulative risks in the control group do Biological endowment:
The accumulation of not receive. // The the genes we receive
disadvantages overs variable that is changed from our parents.
years of development. for the sake of the
research. Nurture
Dependent variable The environments, both
The variable that is Internal validity physical and social, that
measured to determined Degree to which effects influence our
whether it is affected by observed in experiments development.
exposure to the can be attributed to the
independent variable. factor that the researcher Neurotransmitters
is testing. Chemicals involved in
Direction-of-causation communication between
problem Interrater reliability brain cells.
The concept that a The amount of
correlation between two agreement in Random assignment
variables does not observations between A procedure in which
indicate which, if either, raters who witness the each participants has an
variable is the cause of same behaviour. equal chance of being
the other. assigned to each group.
Longitudinal design
Epigenetics Method of study in Reliability
The study of stable which the same The degree to which
changes in gene participants are studied measurements are
expression that are twice or more over a consistent.
meditated by the substantial length of
environment. time. Scientific method
An approach to testing
External validity Methylation beliefs that involves
Degree to which the A biochemical process choosing a question,
results can be that influences formulating a
generalised beyond the behaviour by supressing hypothesis, testing the
particulars of the gene activity and hypothesis, and drawing
research. expression. a conclusion.
Genome Microgenetic design Sociocultural context
Each person’s complete Method of study in The physical, social,
set of hereditary which the same cultural, economic, and
information. participants are studied historical circumstances
repeatedly over a short that make up any child’s
Hypotheses period. development.
Testable predictions of
