BIOS 135 LAB REPORT FORMAT FOR MODELCHEM LABS

BIOS 135 LAB REPORT FORMAT FOR MODELCHEM LABS I. Title Crude Oil Distillation Week 3 iLab II. Introduction Crude oil is the combination of gasoline, kerosene, lubricating oils, and other non-volatile liquids. In the following lab, we will be conducting a distillation experiment of crude oil. We should be able to observe how the chemical properties of the components of crude oil influences temperature at which it distills out of the crude oil. With distillation, we are able to remove impurities like distilled water and sepearate liquids as well. It allows us to separate substances based on boiling point, in which our case, we will be boiling crude oil in order to separate its components. When the boiling poin is reached, the liquid will vaporize into the distillation apparatus. It will then cool down, condense, and eventually drip out of the apparatus and into the container. The process of distillation is completed through heating the lquid substance and turning it into vapor. When it is vaporized, we use the condensor to convert the vapor into a liquid state afterwards. The components in crude oil are separated from based on different boiling points for the respected component. Elements that have lower boiling points would distill first while other elements with higher boiling points would distill last. When fractional distillation is used, volatile/non-volatile elements may be left behind during distillation. Fractional distillation is done through a certain machine that allows various columns and outlets in order to separate certain elements from being heated. Crude oil is made of the following: 27% gasoline, 41% lubricating oils, and 32% kerosene. It starts distilling the gasoline at first, followed by the kerosene, and lubricating oils last because of their boiling points (gasoline has the lowest boiling point of the three). After distilling the crude oil, we end up having a light brown material that is 5 mL. During the mid section of the experiment, the distillate will turn light gray near 25 mL, and with the given, we managed to conclude that the gasoline and kerosene weighed to be 1.038 g/mL and 1.00 g/mL. III. Procedure Step 1 Set up distillation apparatus. • From the Equipment menu, select Distillation equipment. • Obtain 100 mL round bottom flask. • Right click on the flask, select Heating Mantle from the Distillation equipment. • Right click on the flask, and select Distillation Head from Distillation equipment. • Right click on the flask, and select Condenser from Distillation equipment. • Right click on the flask, and select Distillation take-off from Distillation equipment. • From Equipment menu, select 100 mL Graduated Cylinder. Place it under the end of distillation take-off. The graduated cylinder will collect the distillate. Make sure to leave the area between the end of the distillation take-off and the cylinder so that you can see the drops of distillate leave the distillation apparatus. • From toolbar, select Equipment from Options command. Change the thermometer scale to Fahrenheit. Notice that the temperature displays in the neck of the round bottom flask. Step 2 Begin Distillation. • Right click on flask, select 50 mL of crude oil from Chemicals Window. • Right click on the flask, and select Chemical Properties. Record grams of gasoline, kerosene, and lubricating oils that are present in the 50 mL of crude oil. • Right click on the flask, and select Heating Mantle Settings. Begin with Max Heat. • Monitor the temperature. Record the temperature at which the crude oil begins to boil. • When crude oil begins to boil, turn the temperature down to 60% by turning down the heating mantle two dashes. Right click on the mantle and you'll see Heating Mantle Settings. Select Decrease Heat. It will go down one click. Then do it again. • Maintain a level of heating so that a continuous drop-wise flow runs into the graduated cylinder. A rate of two to five drops per minute is sufficient. Step 3 Record results. • Using Table 1 in the Crude Oil Distillation Tables (use MS Word document in Doc Sharing), record the temperature when the first drop falls from the end of the condenser. Record the volumes of distillate (read directly from the graduated cylinder) condensed at each of the temperatures indicated on the data sheet (for those temperatures above the temperature at which the first drop falls). • You can stop the distillation process to note the amount of liquid in your graduated cylinder by opening the Chemical Properties box. It's kind of hard to read the cylinder; just estimate as best as you can. There isn't any type of zoom feature. • The lab report questions ask about the components of the crude oil, which was the first to distill out of the mixture and which was the second. Because opening the chemical properties box pauses the distillation, you can’t keep it open. To help you do this, look at your initial chemical properties. You have 13.5 g of gasoline, 16 g of kerosene, and so forth. As you're doing the distillation, open your chemical properties box frequently. As you see the amount of gasoline getting close to 13.5 g (this should be around 13.5 ml of liquid), you'll know that it is almost distilled and the next component will be coming out. So check more frequently and estimate when the second component started coming out. • Record color changes. • Do not heat crude oil to a temperature greater than 527 degrees Fahrenheit. You can change the temperature of the mantle as you have done above. • Continue the distillation until you reach 527 degrees Fahrenheit. • The Crude Oil Distillation Tables are also available in the Doc Sharing under Crude Oil Distillation Tables. • As soon as the crude oil begins to boil, distillate will soon drop into the graduated flask. You do not want the distillation to proceed too quickly, because you will not be able to control the reaction nor record your observations during the experiment. Be ready with a chart to record your results as the experiment proceeds. See below for guidance on those observations that you want to make. Periodically, throughout the experiment, read and record the chemical properties of the crude oil in the round bottom flask and in the graduated cylinder. IV. Observations and Results Gasoline (Liquid) - 13. g Kerosene (Liquid) - 16. g Lubricating oils (Liquid) - 20. g The gasoline content is 27% (%of gasoline = 13.50 grams / 50 mL * 100% = 27% (w/v) The kerosene is at 16.00 gram. The percentage for the kerosene is % of kerosene = 16.00 grams / 50 mL * 100% = 32% (w/v). The lubricating oil has 20.50 grams which is 41% of the entire content (% of lubricating oil = 20.50grams/50mL*100% = 41%(w/v). Temperature rising, crude oil starts bubbling at around 85-90C and the first drop happened at 93 C V. Discussion Gasoline is a substance that has many short-chained hydrocarbons, which are have around 5-12 carbons as well as added alkane cyclic and aromatic compounds. Gasoline contains between 30 and 50 percent heptane and isooctane, which feature seven and eight carbon atoms, respectively. These substances can be referred to as natural gasses. Kerosene has 12-16 atoms in the middle length hydrocarbon, which is why it was the second to distill, while the lubricating oil has a much longer hydrocarbon chain of 19-25 carbon atoms with a mixture of non-volatiles. The experiment that we performed was a successful example of the process of distillation through crude oil, and proves that elements with shorter hydrocarbon chains distill faster compared to elements with longer ones. The distillate was light brown at first, and turned light gray as the experiment continued. I believe that the color of the distillate attributed to the process since different hydrocarbons had different color changes. VI. Conclusion As i look at the other elements that were seperated during the distillation, I concluded that distillation is a very accurate method that allows us to analyze contents of liquids. In our acse, we used distillation to find the contents of crude oil, which contains 7% gasoline, 32% kerosene, and 41% lubricating oil. During the process of distillation, the color changed from light brown to light gray. With the knowledge gathered through this lab, I may use this experiment on other liquids to learn what they are comprised of such as lotion, juices, alcohols, etc.