BEDRIJFSECONOMIE
Ilias Gruwier
2023-2024
1
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
hoofdstuk 1: Kadering ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Wat is bedrijfseconomie? ................................................................................................................................ 6
2. Belangrijke concepten voor managers ............................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Doelen en beperkingen ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Belang van (economische) winst ............................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Incentives/prikkels .................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 (Implicaties van) Marktmechanismen / Markten ...................................................................................... 8
2.5 Tijdsaspect van geld .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.6 Marginale analyse voor optimalisatie ....................................................................................................... 9
2.7 Datagedreven besluitvorming ................................................................................................................. 10
3. Marktwerking ................................................................................................................................................ 11
3.1 Belang voor managers ............................................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Herhaling vraag ....................................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Herhaling Aanbod .................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Marktevenwicht ...................................................................................................................................... 15
3.5 Marktinterventies.................................................................................................................................... 15
3.6 Comparatieve Statistica .......................................................................................................................... 16
hoofdstuk 2: Vraaganalyse & consumentengedrag........................................................................................ 18
1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
2. Kwantitatieve vraagcurve ............................................................................................................................. 18
2.1 Wat is elasticiteit? ................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 Eigen prijselasticiteit ............................................................................................................................... 18
2.3 Interpretatie van (eigen prijs)elasticiteit ................................................................................................. 19
2.4 belang van vraagelasticiteit voor managers ............................................................................................ 19
2.5 Extreme vraagelasticiteiten ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.6 Factoren met een impact op prijselasticiteit........................................................................................... 20
2.7 Prijselasticiteit linken met marginale analyse ......................................................................................... 21
2.8 voornaamste elasticiteiten ...................................................................................................................... 21
2.9 Elasticiteit afleiden uit lineaire vraagfunctie ........................................................................................... 23
3. Consumentengedrag ..................................................................................................................................... 23
3.1 Belang voor managers ............................................................................................................................. 23
3.2 Consumentengedrag ............................................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Model ...................................................................................................................................................... 24
3.4 Budgetbeperkingen ................................................................................................................................. 25
3.5 Marktsubstitutievoet............................................................................................................................... 25
3.6 Veranderingen in budgetbeperkingen .................................................................................................... 26
3.7 Consumentenevenwicht ......................................................................................................................... 27
3.8 Comparatieve statistica ........................................................................................................................... 27
3.9 Implicaties voor werknemers .................................................................................................................. 29
3.10 implicaties voor managers .................................................................................................................... 29
3.11 Link tussen indifferentiecurves en vraagcruves .................................................................................... 29
2
, 4. Irrationaliteit ................................................................................................................................................. 30
4.1 Behavioural economics belangrijke concepten ....................................................................................... 30
4.2 implicaties voor prijszetting .................................................................................................................... 31
4.3 implicaties voor marktwerking ................................................................................................................ 31
4.4 implicaties voor beleid ............................................................................................................................ 32
Hoofdstuk 3: Productieproces, kosten & de organisatie van het bedrijf ........................................................ 33
1. Inleiding: relevantie voor managers .............................................................................................................. 33
2. Productieproces en kosten ............................................................................................................................ 33
2.1 productiefunctie ...................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2 korte versus langetermijnbeslissingen .................................................................................................... 34
2.3 maatstaven van productiviteit ................................................................................................................ 34
2.4 Link tussen maatstaven van productiviteit ............................................................................................. 35
2.5 De manager en het prodcutieproces....................................................................................................... 36
2.6 algebraïsche productiefuncties ............................................................................................................... 36
2.7 Isokwanten .............................................................................................................................................. 37
2.8 Isokostlijnen ............................................................................................................................................ 38
2.9 Isokostlijnen en isokwanten .................................................................................................................... 39
2.10 optimale inputsubstitutie ...................................................................................................................... 39
2.11 Kostenfunctie ........................................................................................................................................ 40
2.12 (Dis)economies of scale ......................................................................................................................... 43
2.13 Kostfuncties voor meerdere outputs .................................................................................................... 43
3. De organisatie van het bedrijf ....................................................................................................................... 45
3.1 Inputverwerking ...................................................................................................................................... 45
3.2 Transactiekosten ..................................................................................................................................... 46
3.3 Soorten gespecialiseerde investeringen.................................................................................................. 46
3.4 Implicaties van gespecialiseerde ivesteringen ........................................................................................ 47
3.5 Optimale inputverwerving ...................................................................................................................... 48
3.6 Principal-Agent theorie: managementcompensatie ............................................................................... 49
3.7 principal-agent theorie: werknemercompensatie .................................................................................. 49
Hoofdstuk 4: Industry and market................................................................................................................. 50
1 introductie ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
2. Industry ......................................................................................................................................................... 50
3. Market ........................................................................................................................................................... 53
4. Marktstructures............................................................................................................................................. 54
5. Monopolie ..................................................................................................................................................... 55
6. Monopolistische concurrentie ....................................................................................................................... 56
3
, Hoofdstuk 5: oligopoly and game theory....................................................................................................... 58
1. introductie ..................................................................................................................................................... 58
2. Oligopoly ....................................................................................................................................................... 58
3. Duopoly ......................................................................................................................................................... 59
4. Cartel ............................................................................................................................................................. 61
5. No cartel ........................................................................................................................................................ 62
6. Game theory (speltheorie)............................................................................................................................. 64
Hoofdstuk 6: Public & Non-profit economics ................................................................................................. 68
1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 68
2. Non-profit organisations ............................................................................................................................... 69
3. Three-failures theory ..................................................................................................................................... 70
4. Market failure................................................................................................................................................ 70
5. Governmental failure .................................................................................................................................... 71
6. Non-profit failure........................................................................................................................................... 71
Hoofdstuk 7: prijsstrategieën & de economie van informatie ........................................................................ 72
1. Inleiding: relevantie voor managers .............................................................................................................. 72
2. Productieproces en kosten ............................................................................................................................ 72
Basis prijsstrategieën .................................................................................................................................... 72
Winstmaximaliserende mark-up (monopolie) .............................................................................................. 72
Winstmaximaliserende mark-up (cournot) ................................................................................................... 73
3. Nog meer winst ............................................................................................................................................. 74
Consumentensurplus extraheren .................................................................................................................. 74
Prijszetting bij speciale kosten- en vraagstructeren...................................................................................... 77
Prijszetting onder prijscompetitie ................................................................................................................. 78
4. De economie van informatie ......................................................................................................................... 79
Verwachte waarde en variantie .................................................................................................................... 79
Onzekerheid en consumentengedrag ........................................................................................................... 80
Zoekkosten consumenten ............................................................................................................................. 81
Onzekerheid en het management................................................................................................................. 82
Winstmaximalisatie ....................................................................................................................................... 82
Onzkerheid en de markt ................................................................................................................................ 82
Adverse selectie ............................................................................................................................................ 83
Moral hazard ................................................................................................................................................. 83
Signaling ........................................................................................................................................................ 83
Screening ....................................................................................................................................................... 83
5. De economie van platformen ........................................................................................................................ 84
Multi-sided platformen ................................................................................................................................. 84
Analyse van MSPs .......................................................................................................................................... 84
Problemen met grote MSPs .......................................................................................................................... 85
4
Ilias Gruwier
2023-2024
1
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
hoofdstuk 1: Kadering ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Wat is bedrijfseconomie? ................................................................................................................................ 6
2. Belangrijke concepten voor managers ............................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Doelen en beperkingen ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Belang van (economische) winst ............................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Incentives/prikkels .................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 (Implicaties van) Marktmechanismen / Markten ...................................................................................... 8
2.5 Tijdsaspect van geld .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.6 Marginale analyse voor optimalisatie ....................................................................................................... 9
2.7 Datagedreven besluitvorming ................................................................................................................. 10
3. Marktwerking ................................................................................................................................................ 11
3.1 Belang voor managers ............................................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Herhaling vraag ....................................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Herhaling Aanbod .................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Marktevenwicht ...................................................................................................................................... 15
3.5 Marktinterventies.................................................................................................................................... 15
3.6 Comparatieve Statistica .......................................................................................................................... 16
hoofdstuk 2: Vraaganalyse & consumentengedrag........................................................................................ 18
1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
2. Kwantitatieve vraagcurve ............................................................................................................................. 18
2.1 Wat is elasticiteit? ................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 Eigen prijselasticiteit ............................................................................................................................... 18
2.3 Interpretatie van (eigen prijs)elasticiteit ................................................................................................. 19
2.4 belang van vraagelasticiteit voor managers ............................................................................................ 19
2.5 Extreme vraagelasticiteiten ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.6 Factoren met een impact op prijselasticiteit........................................................................................... 20
2.7 Prijselasticiteit linken met marginale analyse ......................................................................................... 21
2.8 voornaamste elasticiteiten ...................................................................................................................... 21
2.9 Elasticiteit afleiden uit lineaire vraagfunctie ........................................................................................... 23
3. Consumentengedrag ..................................................................................................................................... 23
3.1 Belang voor managers ............................................................................................................................. 23
3.2 Consumentengedrag ............................................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Model ...................................................................................................................................................... 24
3.4 Budgetbeperkingen ................................................................................................................................. 25
3.5 Marktsubstitutievoet............................................................................................................................... 25
3.6 Veranderingen in budgetbeperkingen .................................................................................................... 26
3.7 Consumentenevenwicht ......................................................................................................................... 27
3.8 Comparatieve statistica ........................................................................................................................... 27
3.9 Implicaties voor werknemers .................................................................................................................. 29
3.10 implicaties voor managers .................................................................................................................... 29
3.11 Link tussen indifferentiecurves en vraagcruves .................................................................................... 29
2
, 4. Irrationaliteit ................................................................................................................................................. 30
4.1 Behavioural economics belangrijke concepten ....................................................................................... 30
4.2 implicaties voor prijszetting .................................................................................................................... 31
4.3 implicaties voor marktwerking ................................................................................................................ 31
4.4 implicaties voor beleid ............................................................................................................................ 32
Hoofdstuk 3: Productieproces, kosten & de organisatie van het bedrijf ........................................................ 33
1. Inleiding: relevantie voor managers .............................................................................................................. 33
2. Productieproces en kosten ............................................................................................................................ 33
2.1 productiefunctie ...................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2 korte versus langetermijnbeslissingen .................................................................................................... 34
2.3 maatstaven van productiviteit ................................................................................................................ 34
2.4 Link tussen maatstaven van productiviteit ............................................................................................. 35
2.5 De manager en het prodcutieproces....................................................................................................... 36
2.6 algebraïsche productiefuncties ............................................................................................................... 36
2.7 Isokwanten .............................................................................................................................................. 37
2.8 Isokostlijnen ............................................................................................................................................ 38
2.9 Isokostlijnen en isokwanten .................................................................................................................... 39
2.10 optimale inputsubstitutie ...................................................................................................................... 39
2.11 Kostenfunctie ........................................................................................................................................ 40
2.12 (Dis)economies of scale ......................................................................................................................... 43
2.13 Kostfuncties voor meerdere outputs .................................................................................................... 43
3. De organisatie van het bedrijf ....................................................................................................................... 45
3.1 Inputverwerking ...................................................................................................................................... 45
3.2 Transactiekosten ..................................................................................................................................... 46
3.3 Soorten gespecialiseerde investeringen.................................................................................................. 46
3.4 Implicaties van gespecialiseerde ivesteringen ........................................................................................ 47
3.5 Optimale inputverwerving ...................................................................................................................... 48
3.6 Principal-Agent theorie: managementcompensatie ............................................................................... 49
3.7 principal-agent theorie: werknemercompensatie .................................................................................. 49
Hoofdstuk 4: Industry and market................................................................................................................. 50
1 introductie ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
2. Industry ......................................................................................................................................................... 50
3. Market ........................................................................................................................................................... 53
4. Marktstructures............................................................................................................................................. 54
5. Monopolie ..................................................................................................................................................... 55
6. Monopolistische concurrentie ....................................................................................................................... 56
3
, Hoofdstuk 5: oligopoly and game theory....................................................................................................... 58
1. introductie ..................................................................................................................................................... 58
2. Oligopoly ....................................................................................................................................................... 58
3. Duopoly ......................................................................................................................................................... 59
4. Cartel ............................................................................................................................................................. 61
5. No cartel ........................................................................................................................................................ 62
6. Game theory (speltheorie)............................................................................................................................. 64
Hoofdstuk 6: Public & Non-profit economics ................................................................................................. 68
1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 68
2. Non-profit organisations ............................................................................................................................... 69
3. Three-failures theory ..................................................................................................................................... 70
4. Market failure................................................................................................................................................ 70
5. Governmental failure .................................................................................................................................... 71
6. Non-profit failure........................................................................................................................................... 71
Hoofdstuk 7: prijsstrategieën & de economie van informatie ........................................................................ 72
1. Inleiding: relevantie voor managers .............................................................................................................. 72
2. Productieproces en kosten ............................................................................................................................ 72
Basis prijsstrategieën .................................................................................................................................... 72
Winstmaximaliserende mark-up (monopolie) .............................................................................................. 72
Winstmaximaliserende mark-up (cournot) ................................................................................................... 73
3. Nog meer winst ............................................................................................................................................. 74
Consumentensurplus extraheren .................................................................................................................. 74
Prijszetting bij speciale kosten- en vraagstructeren...................................................................................... 77
Prijszetting onder prijscompetitie ................................................................................................................. 78
4. De economie van informatie ......................................................................................................................... 79
Verwachte waarde en variantie .................................................................................................................... 79
Onzekerheid en consumentengedrag ........................................................................................................... 80
Zoekkosten consumenten ............................................................................................................................. 81
Onzekerheid en het management................................................................................................................. 82
Winstmaximalisatie ....................................................................................................................................... 82
Onzkerheid en de markt ................................................................................................................................ 82
Adverse selectie ............................................................................................................................................ 83
Moral hazard ................................................................................................................................................. 83
Signaling ........................................................................................................................................................ 83
Screening ....................................................................................................................................................... 83
5. De economie van platformen ........................................................................................................................ 84
Multi-sided platformen ................................................................................................................................. 84
Analyse van MSPs .......................................................................................................................................... 84
Problemen met grote MSPs .......................................................................................................................... 85
4
