Samenvatting
onderzoeksmethoden
1
,Inhoudsopgave
1 Hoofdstuk: Introductie tot onderzoek p1................................................................................9
1.0 Waarom onderzoeksmethoden?..........................................................................................9
1.1 Wat is onderzoek?...............................................................................................................15
1.2 Business research................................................................................................................15
1.3 Verschillende types van bedrijfsonderzoek: toegepast en standaard...............................15
1.4 Managers en onderzoek.....................................................................................................16
1.5 Ethiek en bedrijfsonderzoek...............................................................................................16
2 Hoofdstuk: Wetenschappelijke en alternatieve benaderingen in een onderzoek p18.........17
2.0 De acht kenmerken van wetenschappelijk onderzoek.......................................................17
2.0.1 Doelgericht...............................................................................................................17
2.0.2 Rigoreus....................................................................................................................17
2.0.3 Testbaar...................................................................................................................17
2.0.4 Reproduceerbaar.....................................................................................................17
2.0.5 Precies en betrouwbaar...........................................................................................18
2.0.6 Objectief...................................................................................................................18
2.0.7 Veralgemeenbaar.....................................................................................................18
2.0.8 Spaarzaam, zuinig (parsimony)................................................................................19
2.1 De hypothetisch – deductieve methode.............................................................................19
2.1.1 Zeven stappen in het onderzoeksproces/ hypothetisch – deductieve methode)...19
2.2 SLIDES PROBLEEMSTELLING +/- 70.....................................................................................20
2.3 Good Science.......................................................................................................................20
2.4 Alternatieve benaderingen tot onderzoek (4)....................................................................21
2.4.1 Positivisme...............................................................................................................21
2.4.2 Constructionisme.....................................................................................................21
2.4.3 Kritisch realisme.......................................................................................................21
2.4.4 Pragmatisme............................................................................................................21
3 Het onderzoeksthema en probleemstelling definiëren.........................................................21
3.0 Afbakenen onderzoeksthema (broad problem area).........................................................21
3.1 Voorafgaand informatie verzamelen p33...........................................................................22
3.1.1 Natuur van de te verzamelen informatie (= nodig definiëren probleemstelling)...22
3.1.2 Voorafgaande literatuurstudie................................................................................22
3.2 Bepalen van probleemstelling............................................................................................22
2
,3.3 Onderzoeksvoorstel p45.....................................................................................................23
3.4 Implicaties voor management p47.....................................................................................24
3.5 Ethische issues in de voorgaande stages van onderzoek p47............................................24
3.5.1 Watson box..............................................................................................................24
4 Kritische literatuurstudie p51................................................................................................24
4.0 Doel kritische literatuurstudie............................................................................................24
4.1 Hoe de literatuurstudie benaderen....................................................................................25
4.1.1 Bronnen data sources..............................................................................................25
4.1.2 Zoeken naar literatuur.............................................................................................26
4.1.3 Literatuur evalueren................................................................................................26
4.1.4 Literatuurstudie documenteren..............................................................................27
4.2 Ethische issues....................................................................................................................27
4.3 Nuttige bronnen voor business research p63.....................................................................28
4.4 APA-stijl om artikels te refereren p67................................................................................28
5 Theoretische kader en hypothese ontwikkeling p71.............................................................28
5.0 De nood aan een theoretische kader..................................................................................28
5.1 Variabelen...........................................................................................................................29
5.1.1 Afhankelijke variabele..............................................................................................29
5.1.2 Onafhankelijke variabele.........................................................................................29
5.1.3 Modererende variabele...........................................................................................30
5.1.4 Mediërende variabele..............................................................................................31
5.2 Theoretisch kader p82........................................................................................................31
5.2.1 Componenten van een theoretisch kader...............................................................31
5.3 Ontwikkeling van hypothese p83........................................................................................31
5.3.1 Definitie van een hypothese....................................................................................31
5.3.2 Statement of hypotheses: formats (verschillende soorten hypotheses) p84.........31
5.4 Hypothese testing met kwalitatief onderzoek: neg. analyse p88......................................32
5.5 Implicaties voor managers p90...........................................................................................32
6 Hoofdstuk: elementen van het research design p95.............................................................33
6.0 Doel ven studie: verkennend, beschrijvend, causaal (verklarend).....................................33
6.0.1 Verkennend onderzoek............................................................................................33
6.0.2 Descriptief, beschrijvend onderzoek.......................................................................33
6.0.3 Verklarend onderzoek (hypothese testend)............................................................33
6.1 Omvang van inmenging onderzoeker in de studies p99....................................................34
6.2 Study setting: contrives en niet-contrived p100.................................................................34
3
, 6.3 De elementen van research design.....................................................................................34
6.3.1 Experiment...............................................................................................................34
6.3.2 Survey-onderzoek/opinie onderzoek.......................................................................34
6.3.3 Observatie................................................................................................................34
6.3.4 Case studies..............................................................................................................35
6.3.5 Grounded theory......................................................................................................35
6.3.6 Action research........................................................................................................35
6.3.7 Mixed methods........................................................................................................35
6.4 Unit of analysis: individuals, dyads, groups, organizations, cultures p102........................36
6.5 Time horizon: cross-sectional versus longitudinal studies p104........................................36
6.5.1 Cross-sectional studies.............................................................................................36
6.5.2 Longitudinale studies...............................................................................................36
7 Data collectiemethodes: Intro & interviews p111.................................................................36
7.0.1 Primaire data............................................................................................................36
7.0.2 Secundaire data.......................................................................................................38
7.1 Methodes voor dataverzameling........................................................................................38
7.2 Interviewing p113...............................................................................................................38
7.2.1 Ongestructureerde en gestructureerde interviews.................................................38
7.2.2 Tips tijdens het interviewen.....................................................................................39
7.2.3 Soorten interviews...................................................................................................39
7.2.4 Bias in interview?.....................................................................................................39
7.2.5 Computer Assisting Interviews................................................................................40
7.3 Projectieve methoden.........................................................................................................40
8 Datacollectie methodes: observatie p126.............................................................................40
8.0 Definitie en doel..................................................................................................................40
8.1 Four key dimensions die het type observatie karakteriseren p 127..................................40
8.1.1 Gecontroleerd vs. Ongecontroleerde observationele studies................................40
8.1.2 Participant vs. Nonparticipant observatie...............................................................41
8.1.3 Gestructureerde vs. Niet gestructureerde observatie.............................................41
8.1.4 Verborgen vs. Openlijke observatie.........................................................................41
8.1.5 Menselijke vs. Geautomatiseerde observatie.........................................................41
8.2 Twee belangrijke benaderingen in observatie: participant & structured p130.................42
8.2.1 Participant observatie..............................................................................................42
8.2.2 Deelnemende aspect van participant observatie....................................................42
8.2.3 Observerende aspect van een participant observatie.............................................42
4
onderzoeksmethoden
1
,Inhoudsopgave
1 Hoofdstuk: Introductie tot onderzoek p1................................................................................9
1.0 Waarom onderzoeksmethoden?..........................................................................................9
1.1 Wat is onderzoek?...............................................................................................................15
1.2 Business research................................................................................................................15
1.3 Verschillende types van bedrijfsonderzoek: toegepast en standaard...............................15
1.4 Managers en onderzoek.....................................................................................................16
1.5 Ethiek en bedrijfsonderzoek...............................................................................................16
2 Hoofdstuk: Wetenschappelijke en alternatieve benaderingen in een onderzoek p18.........17
2.0 De acht kenmerken van wetenschappelijk onderzoek.......................................................17
2.0.1 Doelgericht...............................................................................................................17
2.0.2 Rigoreus....................................................................................................................17
2.0.3 Testbaar...................................................................................................................17
2.0.4 Reproduceerbaar.....................................................................................................17
2.0.5 Precies en betrouwbaar...........................................................................................18
2.0.6 Objectief...................................................................................................................18
2.0.7 Veralgemeenbaar.....................................................................................................18
2.0.8 Spaarzaam, zuinig (parsimony)................................................................................19
2.1 De hypothetisch – deductieve methode.............................................................................19
2.1.1 Zeven stappen in het onderzoeksproces/ hypothetisch – deductieve methode)...19
2.2 SLIDES PROBLEEMSTELLING +/- 70.....................................................................................20
2.3 Good Science.......................................................................................................................20
2.4 Alternatieve benaderingen tot onderzoek (4)....................................................................21
2.4.1 Positivisme...............................................................................................................21
2.4.2 Constructionisme.....................................................................................................21
2.4.3 Kritisch realisme.......................................................................................................21
2.4.4 Pragmatisme............................................................................................................21
3 Het onderzoeksthema en probleemstelling definiëren.........................................................21
3.0 Afbakenen onderzoeksthema (broad problem area).........................................................21
3.1 Voorafgaand informatie verzamelen p33...........................................................................22
3.1.1 Natuur van de te verzamelen informatie (= nodig definiëren probleemstelling)...22
3.1.2 Voorafgaande literatuurstudie................................................................................22
3.2 Bepalen van probleemstelling............................................................................................22
2
,3.3 Onderzoeksvoorstel p45.....................................................................................................23
3.4 Implicaties voor management p47.....................................................................................24
3.5 Ethische issues in de voorgaande stages van onderzoek p47............................................24
3.5.1 Watson box..............................................................................................................24
4 Kritische literatuurstudie p51................................................................................................24
4.0 Doel kritische literatuurstudie............................................................................................24
4.1 Hoe de literatuurstudie benaderen....................................................................................25
4.1.1 Bronnen data sources..............................................................................................25
4.1.2 Zoeken naar literatuur.............................................................................................26
4.1.3 Literatuur evalueren................................................................................................26
4.1.4 Literatuurstudie documenteren..............................................................................27
4.2 Ethische issues....................................................................................................................27
4.3 Nuttige bronnen voor business research p63.....................................................................28
4.4 APA-stijl om artikels te refereren p67................................................................................28
5 Theoretische kader en hypothese ontwikkeling p71.............................................................28
5.0 De nood aan een theoretische kader..................................................................................28
5.1 Variabelen...........................................................................................................................29
5.1.1 Afhankelijke variabele..............................................................................................29
5.1.2 Onafhankelijke variabele.........................................................................................29
5.1.3 Modererende variabele...........................................................................................30
5.1.4 Mediërende variabele..............................................................................................31
5.2 Theoretisch kader p82........................................................................................................31
5.2.1 Componenten van een theoretisch kader...............................................................31
5.3 Ontwikkeling van hypothese p83........................................................................................31
5.3.1 Definitie van een hypothese....................................................................................31
5.3.2 Statement of hypotheses: formats (verschillende soorten hypotheses) p84.........31
5.4 Hypothese testing met kwalitatief onderzoek: neg. analyse p88......................................32
5.5 Implicaties voor managers p90...........................................................................................32
6 Hoofdstuk: elementen van het research design p95.............................................................33
6.0 Doel ven studie: verkennend, beschrijvend, causaal (verklarend).....................................33
6.0.1 Verkennend onderzoek............................................................................................33
6.0.2 Descriptief, beschrijvend onderzoek.......................................................................33
6.0.3 Verklarend onderzoek (hypothese testend)............................................................33
6.1 Omvang van inmenging onderzoeker in de studies p99....................................................34
6.2 Study setting: contrives en niet-contrived p100.................................................................34
3
, 6.3 De elementen van research design.....................................................................................34
6.3.1 Experiment...............................................................................................................34
6.3.2 Survey-onderzoek/opinie onderzoek.......................................................................34
6.3.3 Observatie................................................................................................................34
6.3.4 Case studies..............................................................................................................35
6.3.5 Grounded theory......................................................................................................35
6.3.6 Action research........................................................................................................35
6.3.7 Mixed methods........................................................................................................35
6.4 Unit of analysis: individuals, dyads, groups, organizations, cultures p102........................36
6.5 Time horizon: cross-sectional versus longitudinal studies p104........................................36
6.5.1 Cross-sectional studies.............................................................................................36
6.5.2 Longitudinale studies...............................................................................................36
7 Data collectiemethodes: Intro & interviews p111.................................................................36
7.0.1 Primaire data............................................................................................................36
7.0.2 Secundaire data.......................................................................................................38
7.1 Methodes voor dataverzameling........................................................................................38
7.2 Interviewing p113...............................................................................................................38
7.2.1 Ongestructureerde en gestructureerde interviews.................................................38
7.2.2 Tips tijdens het interviewen.....................................................................................39
7.2.3 Soorten interviews...................................................................................................39
7.2.4 Bias in interview?.....................................................................................................39
7.2.5 Computer Assisting Interviews................................................................................40
7.3 Projectieve methoden.........................................................................................................40
8 Datacollectie methodes: observatie p126.............................................................................40
8.0 Definitie en doel..................................................................................................................40
8.1 Four key dimensions die het type observatie karakteriseren p 127..................................40
8.1.1 Gecontroleerd vs. Ongecontroleerde observationele studies................................40
8.1.2 Participant vs. Nonparticipant observatie...............................................................41
8.1.3 Gestructureerde vs. Niet gestructureerde observatie.............................................41
8.1.4 Verborgen vs. Openlijke observatie.........................................................................41
8.1.5 Menselijke vs. Geautomatiseerde observatie.........................................................41
8.2 Twee belangrijke benaderingen in observatie: participant & structured p130.................42
8.2.1 Participant observatie..............................................................................................42
8.2.2 Deelnemende aspect van participant observatie....................................................42
8.2.3 Observerende aspect van een participant observatie.............................................42
4
