MILIEUTECHNOLOGIE I
INHOUD
Water ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Eigenschappen van water.............................................................................................................................. 7
Soorten water ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Kwaliteitseisen drinkbaar water............................................................................................................... 10
Functies van water ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Waterbevoorrading ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Waterbeschikbaarheid ................................................................................................................................ 11
Hydrologische kringloop (vochtbalans) ........................................................................................................ 11
Evolutie van het waterverbruik in Vlaanderen ............................................................................................. 12
Waterverbruik door huishoudens ............................................................................................................ 13
WATERVERBRUIK in de industrie ............................................................................................................. 13
Waterverbruik in de landbouw ................................................................................................................ 13
Drinkwatervoorziening in Vlaanderen.......................................................................................................... 14
Drinkwaterproductie ................................................................................................................................... 15
Bronnen voor drinkwater ........................................................................................................................ 15
Moderne drinkwatertechnieken .............................................................................................................. 18
Watercollectie ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Watercollectie ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Hemelwater ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Huishoudelijk afvalwater ......................................................................................................................... 21
Industrieel afvalwater ............................................................................................................................. 21
Waterafvoer ............................................................................................................................................... 22
Transport afvalwater ............................................................................................................................... 22
2 Soorten: Gemengd en gescheiden rioolstelsel ....................................................................................... 23
A) Gemengd rioolstelsel ................................................................................................................. 23
Gescheiden rioolstelsel............................................................................................................................ 25
Industrieel waterafvoer ........................................................................................................................... 26
Waterverontreiniging...................................................................................................................................... 26
Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Waterzuivering ............................................................................................................................................... 31
Het zelfreinigend vermogen van rivieren ..................................................................................................... 31
Zuivering van huishoudelijk afvalwater ........................................................................................................ 33
Natuurlijke zuivering ............................................................................................................................... 33
1
, Individuele behandeling afvalwater (IBA) ................................................................................................. 33
Septische tank ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Werking en ontwerp septische tank ..................................................................................................... 34
Ontwerp septische tank....................................................................................................................... 35
Voor – en nadelen septische tank ........................................................................................................ 35
Helofytenfilter ......................................................................................................................................... 36
1) Vloeiveld.................................................................................................................................... 36
2) Horizontale helofytenfilter ......................................................................................................... 37
3) Verticale helofytenfilter ............................................................................................................. 38
Biobed................................................................................................................................................. 38
Rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallatie (RWZI) ..................................................................................................... 39
Schematische voorstelling (Van buiten kennen) ................................................................................... 39
Actief – slibproces en oxidatiebedden ..................................................................................................... 41
Zuivering van industrieel afvalwater ............................................................................................................ 42
Collectieve zuivering................................................................................................................................ 42
Individuele zuivering ............................................................................................................................... 42
Fysische en chemische procedés.............................................................................................................. 43
Primaire waterzuivering: mechanisch – fysische zuivering ............................................................................... 52
Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................... 52
Roosters.................................................................................................................................................. 52
Reinigen van het rooster...................................................................................................................... 53
Zeven ...................................................................................................................................................... 54
Trommelzeven .................................................................................................................................... 54
Zeefbocht ............................................................................................................................................ 55
Theorie van bezinking ................................................................................................................................. 55
Bezinking van stilstaand water................................................................................................................. 56
Continue bezinking .................................................................................................................................. 56
Rechthoekige bezinkingsbekkens met horizontale stroming ................................................................. 56
Storende factoren en hun oplossingen ............................................................................................. 57
Ronde bezinkingsbekkens met horizontale stroming ................................................................................ 58
Bezinkingsbekken met verticale doorstroming ......................................................................................... 58
Bezinkingsbekken met platenpakket ........................................................................................................ 59
Indeling van het bezinkingsprocessen in klassen .......................................................................................... 59
4 Klassen ................................................................................................................................................. 59
Zandvangers ............................................................................................................................................... 61
Algemeen principe .................................................................................................................................. 61
1) Klassieke horizontale zandvangers ................................................................................................... 62
2
, 2) Beluchte horizontale zandvanger ..................................................................................................... 63
Horizontaal doorstromende DORR – zandvanger ..................................................................................... 63
Vet – en olieafscheiding .............................................................................................................................. 64
Principe ................................................................................................................................................... 64
Shell Parallel Plate Separator ............................................................................................................... 64
Bezinkingsbekkens ...................................................................................................................................... 65
Principe ................................................................................................................................................... 65
Rechthoekige bezinkingsbekkens met horizontale doorstroming ............................................................. 65
Ronde bezinkingstanks met horizontale stroming .................................................................................... 66
Bezinkingsbekkens met verticale doorstroming ....................................................................................... 66
Secundaire waterzuivering: biologische zuivering ............................................................................................ 67
Definities .................................................................................................................................................... 67
Actief slibproces.......................................................................................................................................... 71
Principe ................................................................................................................................................... 71
Microbiologie van actief slibsysteem ....................................................................................................... 71
De stofwisseling van de bacteriën ............................................................................................................ 72
Reacties in actief slib ........................................................................................................................... 73
Het mengregime ..................................................................................................................................... 73
Actief slib proces in de praktijk ................................................................................................................ 73
Volledige vermenging .......................................................................................................................... 73
Trapsgewijze zuurstoftoevoer .............................................................................................................. 74
Trapsgewijze beluchting ...................................................................................................................... 74
Contactstabilisatie ............................................................................................................................... 75
Oxidatiesloten (Examen: oxidatiesloten – oxidatiebedden) ...................................................................... 75
Discontinue oxidatiesloten .................................................................................................................. 76
Continu oxidatiesloten......................................................................................................................... 76
Oxidatiesloten met functiesplitsing tussen aeratie en bezinking ........................................................... 77
Type Kettingkast .............................................................................................................................. 77
Klassieke nabezinking ...................................................................................................................... 77
Carrousel ......................................................................................................................................... 78
Beluchting door zuivere zuurstof ............................................................................................................. 78
Deep shaft proces ................................................................................................................................... 79
Beluchtingssystemen............................................................................................................................... 80
Persluchtbeluchters............................................................................................................................. 80
Luchtcompressoren ......................................................................................................................... 80
Ventilatoren - INKA systeem ................................................................................................................ 81
Oppervlaktebeluchters ............................................................................................................................ 82
3
, Borstelbeluchters of rotoren................................................................................................................ 82
Turbine- of puntbeluchters .................................................................................................................. 82
Zuurstofoverdrachtsnelheid .................................................................................................................... 83
OC – waarde............................................................................................................................................ 83
Anaeroob actief slibproces .......................................................................................................................... 83
Anaerobe waterzuivering: 2 stappen ....................................................................................................... 84
Biologische behandelingsprocessen op hechtingsmaterialen voor bacteriële groei ...................................... 84
Oxidatiebedden....................................................................................................................................... 84
Indeling: laag en hoog belaste oxidatiebedden..................................................................................... 85
Vergelijking oxidatiebed - actief slibproces .............................................................................................. 85
Dompelschijven....................................................................................................................................... 86
Anaerobe filters ...................................................................................................................................... 87
Nabezinkingsbekken ................................................................................................................................... 87
Functie nabezinkingsbekken .................................................................................................................... 87
Lagunering .................................................................................................................................................. 87
Werking lagune ....................................................................................................................................... 89
Klimatologische factoren ......................................................................................................................... 90
Tertaire waterzuivering ................................................................................................................................... 91
Polijsten van het effluent ............................................................................................................................ 91
Zandfiltratie ............................................................................................................................................ 91
Microzeven ............................................................................................................................................. 92
N – verwijdering.......................................................................................................................................... 92
Biologische N verwijdering ...................................................................................................................... 93
Indeling van de biologische verwijderingssystemen ............................................................................. 94
Fysische en chemische verwijdering van N ............................................................................................... 96
verwijdering van NH3- en NH4+ ........................................................................................................... 96
Fysisch – chemische methode voor de verwijdering van NO3-................................................................... 98
Fosfaatverwijdering .................................................................................................................................... 99
Chemische Fosforverwijdering................................................................................................................. 99
Biologische P – verwijdering .................................................................................................................. 101
Phoredoxproces ................................................................................................................................ 102
UCT – proces ..................................................................................................................................... 102
Actieve fosfaatrecuperatie (Mogelijks examen) ..................................................................................... 103
Slibverwerking .............................................................................................................................................. 103
Slibhoeveelheden ..................................................................................................................................... 103
Volume en droge stofgehalte van slib .................................................................................................... 103
Ontwaterbaarheid van het slib .................................................................................................................. 104
4
INHOUD
Water ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Eigenschappen van water.............................................................................................................................. 7
Soorten water ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Kwaliteitseisen drinkbaar water............................................................................................................... 10
Functies van water ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Waterbevoorrading ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Waterbeschikbaarheid ................................................................................................................................ 11
Hydrologische kringloop (vochtbalans) ........................................................................................................ 11
Evolutie van het waterverbruik in Vlaanderen ............................................................................................. 12
Waterverbruik door huishoudens ............................................................................................................ 13
WATERVERBRUIK in de industrie ............................................................................................................. 13
Waterverbruik in de landbouw ................................................................................................................ 13
Drinkwatervoorziening in Vlaanderen.......................................................................................................... 14
Drinkwaterproductie ................................................................................................................................... 15
Bronnen voor drinkwater ........................................................................................................................ 15
Moderne drinkwatertechnieken .............................................................................................................. 18
Watercollectie ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Watercollectie ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Hemelwater ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Huishoudelijk afvalwater ......................................................................................................................... 21
Industrieel afvalwater ............................................................................................................................. 21
Waterafvoer ............................................................................................................................................... 22
Transport afvalwater ............................................................................................................................... 22
2 Soorten: Gemengd en gescheiden rioolstelsel ....................................................................................... 23
A) Gemengd rioolstelsel ................................................................................................................. 23
Gescheiden rioolstelsel............................................................................................................................ 25
Industrieel waterafvoer ........................................................................................................................... 26
Waterverontreiniging...................................................................................................................................... 26
Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Waterzuivering ............................................................................................................................................... 31
Het zelfreinigend vermogen van rivieren ..................................................................................................... 31
Zuivering van huishoudelijk afvalwater ........................................................................................................ 33
Natuurlijke zuivering ............................................................................................................................... 33
1
, Individuele behandeling afvalwater (IBA) ................................................................................................. 33
Septische tank ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Werking en ontwerp septische tank ..................................................................................................... 34
Ontwerp septische tank....................................................................................................................... 35
Voor – en nadelen septische tank ........................................................................................................ 35
Helofytenfilter ......................................................................................................................................... 36
1) Vloeiveld.................................................................................................................................... 36
2) Horizontale helofytenfilter ......................................................................................................... 37
3) Verticale helofytenfilter ............................................................................................................. 38
Biobed................................................................................................................................................. 38
Rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallatie (RWZI) ..................................................................................................... 39
Schematische voorstelling (Van buiten kennen) ................................................................................... 39
Actief – slibproces en oxidatiebedden ..................................................................................................... 41
Zuivering van industrieel afvalwater ............................................................................................................ 42
Collectieve zuivering................................................................................................................................ 42
Individuele zuivering ............................................................................................................................... 42
Fysische en chemische procedés.............................................................................................................. 43
Primaire waterzuivering: mechanisch – fysische zuivering ............................................................................... 52
Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................... 52
Roosters.................................................................................................................................................. 52
Reinigen van het rooster...................................................................................................................... 53
Zeven ...................................................................................................................................................... 54
Trommelzeven .................................................................................................................................... 54
Zeefbocht ............................................................................................................................................ 55
Theorie van bezinking ................................................................................................................................. 55
Bezinking van stilstaand water................................................................................................................. 56
Continue bezinking .................................................................................................................................. 56
Rechthoekige bezinkingsbekkens met horizontale stroming ................................................................. 56
Storende factoren en hun oplossingen ............................................................................................. 57
Ronde bezinkingsbekkens met horizontale stroming ................................................................................ 58
Bezinkingsbekken met verticale doorstroming ......................................................................................... 58
Bezinkingsbekken met platenpakket ........................................................................................................ 59
Indeling van het bezinkingsprocessen in klassen .......................................................................................... 59
4 Klassen ................................................................................................................................................. 59
Zandvangers ............................................................................................................................................... 61
Algemeen principe .................................................................................................................................. 61
1) Klassieke horizontale zandvangers ................................................................................................... 62
2
, 2) Beluchte horizontale zandvanger ..................................................................................................... 63
Horizontaal doorstromende DORR – zandvanger ..................................................................................... 63
Vet – en olieafscheiding .............................................................................................................................. 64
Principe ................................................................................................................................................... 64
Shell Parallel Plate Separator ............................................................................................................... 64
Bezinkingsbekkens ...................................................................................................................................... 65
Principe ................................................................................................................................................... 65
Rechthoekige bezinkingsbekkens met horizontale doorstroming ............................................................. 65
Ronde bezinkingstanks met horizontale stroming .................................................................................... 66
Bezinkingsbekkens met verticale doorstroming ....................................................................................... 66
Secundaire waterzuivering: biologische zuivering ............................................................................................ 67
Definities .................................................................................................................................................... 67
Actief slibproces.......................................................................................................................................... 71
Principe ................................................................................................................................................... 71
Microbiologie van actief slibsysteem ....................................................................................................... 71
De stofwisseling van de bacteriën ............................................................................................................ 72
Reacties in actief slib ........................................................................................................................... 73
Het mengregime ..................................................................................................................................... 73
Actief slib proces in de praktijk ................................................................................................................ 73
Volledige vermenging .......................................................................................................................... 73
Trapsgewijze zuurstoftoevoer .............................................................................................................. 74
Trapsgewijze beluchting ...................................................................................................................... 74
Contactstabilisatie ............................................................................................................................... 75
Oxidatiesloten (Examen: oxidatiesloten – oxidatiebedden) ...................................................................... 75
Discontinue oxidatiesloten .................................................................................................................. 76
Continu oxidatiesloten......................................................................................................................... 76
Oxidatiesloten met functiesplitsing tussen aeratie en bezinking ........................................................... 77
Type Kettingkast .............................................................................................................................. 77
Klassieke nabezinking ...................................................................................................................... 77
Carrousel ......................................................................................................................................... 78
Beluchting door zuivere zuurstof ............................................................................................................. 78
Deep shaft proces ................................................................................................................................... 79
Beluchtingssystemen............................................................................................................................... 80
Persluchtbeluchters............................................................................................................................. 80
Luchtcompressoren ......................................................................................................................... 80
Ventilatoren - INKA systeem ................................................................................................................ 81
Oppervlaktebeluchters ............................................................................................................................ 82
3
, Borstelbeluchters of rotoren................................................................................................................ 82
Turbine- of puntbeluchters .................................................................................................................. 82
Zuurstofoverdrachtsnelheid .................................................................................................................... 83
OC – waarde............................................................................................................................................ 83
Anaeroob actief slibproces .......................................................................................................................... 83
Anaerobe waterzuivering: 2 stappen ....................................................................................................... 84
Biologische behandelingsprocessen op hechtingsmaterialen voor bacteriële groei ...................................... 84
Oxidatiebedden....................................................................................................................................... 84
Indeling: laag en hoog belaste oxidatiebedden..................................................................................... 85
Vergelijking oxidatiebed - actief slibproces .............................................................................................. 85
Dompelschijven....................................................................................................................................... 86
Anaerobe filters ...................................................................................................................................... 87
Nabezinkingsbekken ................................................................................................................................... 87
Functie nabezinkingsbekken .................................................................................................................... 87
Lagunering .................................................................................................................................................. 87
Werking lagune ....................................................................................................................................... 89
Klimatologische factoren ......................................................................................................................... 90
Tertaire waterzuivering ................................................................................................................................... 91
Polijsten van het effluent ............................................................................................................................ 91
Zandfiltratie ............................................................................................................................................ 91
Microzeven ............................................................................................................................................. 92
N – verwijdering.......................................................................................................................................... 92
Biologische N verwijdering ...................................................................................................................... 93
Indeling van de biologische verwijderingssystemen ............................................................................. 94
Fysische en chemische verwijdering van N ............................................................................................... 96
verwijdering van NH3- en NH4+ ........................................................................................................... 96
Fysisch – chemische methode voor de verwijdering van NO3-................................................................... 98
Fosfaatverwijdering .................................................................................................................................... 99
Chemische Fosforverwijdering................................................................................................................. 99
Biologische P – verwijdering .................................................................................................................. 101
Phoredoxproces ................................................................................................................................ 102
UCT – proces ..................................................................................................................................... 102
Actieve fosfaatrecuperatie (Mogelijks examen) ..................................................................................... 103
Slibverwerking .............................................................................................................................................. 103
Slibhoeveelheden ..................................................................................................................................... 103
Volume en droge stofgehalte van slib .................................................................................................... 103
Ontwaterbaarheid van het slib .................................................................................................................. 104
4
