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Schaffer and Emerson
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Variables
Variables
Strength of attachment was measured by:
Separation anxiety: how distressed the child became when separated from the main caregiver (which suggests an attachment has been formed).
Stranger anxiety: distress shown when the child was left alone with an unfamiliar person (which suggests that the child can recognise familiar and unfamiliar people).
Evaluation
Evaluation
Because babies were observed in their own homes (a natural environment) we can assume that the study is high in ecological validity; the findings can be generalised to the real world.
Data was collected by direct observation by the mother. This could have been prone to bias and inaccuracy.
There were large individual differences when attachments formed. This added uncertainty to the process of attachment formation being exclusively biological.
Asocial
Asocial
0 - 6 weeks
This is short lived.
Attention seeking behaviour, such as crying and smiling, is not directed at anyone in particular. This suggests attachments could be made with anyone.
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