situs inversus - "inverted position"

-all organs are inverted in their localization left-right



neural tube defects (NTDs) - -timing and localization of disruptions to neural tube closure can lead to a spectrum of NTDs

-disruptions of neural tube closure can affect surrounding tissues such as somites, the embryonic precursors to the vertebral bones, leading to various disorders

-2 types:

1. open NTDs

2. Occult (hidden) NTDs



open NTDs - -anencephaly

-encephalocele

-myelomeningocele
...