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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
Lab Value of Potassium (K) - ANSWERS3.5 - 5.0 
 
Lab Value of Magnesium (Mg) - ANSWERS1.8 - 3.0 
 
Lab Value of Calcium (Ca) - ANSWERS8.5 - 10.5 
 
Lab Value of Sodium (Na) - ANSWERS135 - 145 
 
Lab Value of Phosphorus (P) - ANSWERS2.5 - 4.5 
 
Lab Value of pH - ANSWERS7.35 - 7.45 
 
Lab Value of CO2 - ANSWERS35-45 
 
Lab Value of HCO3 - ANSWERS22-26 
 
What are the symptoms of hypokalemia vs hyperkalemia? - ANSWERS- hypokalemia: confusion; EKG changes; cardiac dysrhythmias; muscle cramps, shall...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 10 pages •
Lab Value of Potassium (K) - ANSWERS3.5 - 5.0 
 
Lab Value of Magnesium (Mg) - ANSWERS1.8 - 3.0 
 
Lab Value of Calcium (Ca) - ANSWERS8.5 - 10.5 
 
Lab Value of Sodium (Na) - ANSWERS135 - 145 
 
Lab Value of Phosphorus (P) - ANSWERS2.5 - 4.5 
 
Lab Value of pH - ANSWERS7.35 - 7.45 
 
Lab Value of CO2 - ANSWERS35-45 
 
Lab Value of HCO3 - ANSWERS22-26 
 
What are the symptoms of hypokalemia vs hyperkalemia? - ANSWERS- hypokalemia: confusion; EKG changes; cardiac dysrhythmias; muscle cramps, shall...
FINAL EXAM ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINALS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025/2026
physiologic jaundice - ANSWERSA 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin level and icterus. Your concern is that this child may have: 
a. physiologic jaundice 
b. kernicterus 
c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 
d. pathologic jaundice 
 
Lysosomes - ANSWERSWhich cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury? 
a. lysosomes 
b. ribosomesc. smooth endoplasmi 
c reticulum 
d. golgi complex 
 
Which component ...
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- Exam (elaborations)
- • 25 pages •
physiologic jaundice - ANSWERSA 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin level and icterus. Your concern is that this child may have: 
a. physiologic jaundice 
b. kernicterus 
c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 
d. pathologic jaundice 
 
Lysosomes - ANSWERSWhich cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury? 
a. lysosomes 
b. ribosomesc. smooth endoplasmi 
c reticulum 
d. golgi complex 
 
Which component ...
NGR 5149 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (2025/2026) UPDATE|EXAM QUESTIONS WITH MULTIPLE CHOICES |VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW)!!
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because: 
 
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because: 
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels 
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane 
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell - ANSWERSAns: C- the os...
- Package deal
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 11 pages •
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because: 
 
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because: 
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels 
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane 
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell - ANSWERSAns: C- the os...
CIRO TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025/2026
What is the lowest level in PPM at which ammonia is generally detectable 
A. 4 PPM 
B. 5 PPM 
C. 2 PPM 
D. 8 PPM - ANSWERS 
 
Which gas is suitable for leak checking a modified pipe section of an ammonia system 
A. Sulfur dioxide 
B. R-22 
C. Dry nitrogen 
D. R-414b - ANSWERS 
 
Which of these is true for a shell and tube condenser 
A. Water evaporates in the tubes 
B. Refrigerant flows through the tubes 
C. Water flows through the shell 
D. Refrigerant flows around the tubes - ANSWERS 
...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 6 pages •
What is the lowest level in PPM at which ammonia is generally detectable 
A. 4 PPM 
B. 5 PPM 
C. 2 PPM 
D. 8 PPM - ANSWERS 
 
Which gas is suitable for leak checking a modified pipe section of an ammonia system 
A. Sulfur dioxide 
B. R-22 
C. Dry nitrogen 
D. R-414b - ANSWERS 
 
Which of these is true for a shell and tube condenser 
A. Water evaporates in the tubes 
B. Refrigerant flows through the tubes 
C. Water flows through the shell 
D. Refrigerant flows around the tubes - ANSWERS 
...
CARO PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025/2026
Which of these is equivalent to 150 PSIA? 
A. 164.7 PSIG 
B. 185.0 PSIG 
C. 135.3 PSIG 
D. 121.7 PSIG - ANSWERSC 
 
What is the volume of a cold storage room that is 150' long, 80' wide and 35' high? 
A. 12,000 cubic feet 
B. 219,000 cubic feet 
C. 392,000 cubic feet 
D. 420,000 cubic feet - ANSWERSD 
 
What is required to move heat from one object to another? 
A. Change of state 
B. Heat of fusion 
C. Latent heat 
D. Temperature difference - ANSWERSD 
 
What does temperature indicate? ...
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- Exam (elaborations)
- • 6 pages •
Which of these is equivalent to 150 PSIA? 
A. 164.7 PSIG 
B. 185.0 PSIG 
C. 135.3 PSIG 
D. 121.7 PSIG - ANSWERSC 
 
What is the volume of a cold storage room that is 150' long, 80' wide and 35' high? 
A. 12,000 cubic feet 
B. 219,000 cubic feet 
C. 392,000 cubic feet 
D. 420,000 cubic feet - ANSWERSD 
 
What is required to move heat from one object to another? 
A. Change of state 
B. Heat of fusion 
C. Latent heat 
D. Temperature difference - ANSWERSD 
 
What does temperature indicate? ...
LEVEL 4 CHAPTER 9 COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION EXAM 100% CORRECT
In the freezing process, when is the sensible heat removed from the product being frozen? - ANSWERSBefore and after the latent heat of fusion is removed 
 
A fluid commonly used in cryogenic freezing is liquid - ANSWERSNitrogen 
 
One advantage blast freezing offers over some other forms of freezing is - ANSWERSThe ability to freeze foods of irregular size and shape 
 
An optional process used in mobile refrigeration systems to minimize ripening of produce to extend its shelf life is - ANSWERSCo...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 2 pages •
In the freezing process, when is the sensible heat removed from the product being frozen? - ANSWERSBefore and after the latent heat of fusion is removed 
 
A fluid commonly used in cryogenic freezing is liquid - ANSWERSNitrogen 
 
One advantage blast freezing offers over some other forms of freezing is - ANSWERSThe ability to freeze foods of irregular size and shape 
 
An optional process used in mobile refrigeration systems to minimize ripening of produce to extend its shelf life is - ANSWERSCo...
CARO BOOK QUESTION AND ANSWERS 2025/2026
What is the purpose of a refrigeration system 
A. To freeze food 
B. To cool buildings 
C. To preserve food 
D. To maintain a temperature - ANSWERSD. To maintain a temperature 
 
Operators must keep refrigeration systems operating safely and efficiently. Which of the following best describes the areas of required knowledge for this to be possible? 
 
A. Basic physical principles, interpretation of information from temperature and pressure guages. Basic operating principles. 
B. Basic physical ...
- Package deal
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 18 pages •
What is the purpose of a refrigeration system 
A. To freeze food 
B. To cool buildings 
C. To preserve food 
D. To maintain a temperature - ANSWERSD. To maintain a temperature 
 
Operators must keep refrigeration systems operating safely and efficiently. Which of the following best describes the areas of required knowledge for this to be possible? 
 
A. Basic physical principles, interpretation of information from temperature and pressure guages. Basic operating principles. 
B. Basic physical ...
RETA CARO EXAM PRACTICE TEST WITH ANSWERS 2025/2026.
Conduction is defined as heat energy that is - ANSWERSmoving through a solid substance 
 
What is the primary purpose of a refrigeration system ? - ANSWERSachieve and maintain a temperature 
 
What is a hazard of trapping liquid ? - ANSWERSA possible release 
 
How much can the pressure of trapped liquid increase per degree Fahrenheit of temperature increase - ANSWERS100 to 150 psi 
 
Mechanical refrigeration is a series of steps that - ANSWERSmoves heat energy from a space or object to an area ...
- Package deal
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 7 pages •
Conduction is defined as heat energy that is - ANSWERSmoving through a solid substance 
 
What is the primary purpose of a refrigeration system ? - ANSWERSachieve and maintain a temperature 
 
What is a hazard of trapping liquid ? - ANSWERSA possible release 
 
How much can the pressure of trapped liquid increase per degree Fahrenheit of temperature increase - ANSWERS100 to 150 psi 
 
Mechanical refrigeration is a series of steps that - ANSWERSmoves heat energy from a space or object to an area ...
RETA CARO EXAM REVIEW SET QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
10,000 PPM - ANSWERS1% concentration of Ammonia is equal to what in PPM? 
 
11.6 - ANSWERSAmmonia is what on a PH scale? 
 
100, 24 - ANSWERSFill in the blanks: More than _____ pounds released of ammonia in _____ hours is a reportable release. 
 
Thermal burns, dehydration burns, respiratory damage, and chemical burns. - ANSWERSWhat are the four primary types of injury that can occur due to exposure to ammonia? 
 
50 - ANSWERSWhat is the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) set forth by Federal OSHA...
- Package deal
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 5 pages •
10,000 PPM - ANSWERS1% concentration of Ammonia is equal to what in PPM? 
 
11.6 - ANSWERSAmmonia is what on a PH scale? 
 
100, 24 - ANSWERSFill in the blanks: More than _____ pounds released of ammonia in _____ hours is a reportable release. 
 
Thermal burns, dehydration burns, respiratory damage, and chemical burns. - ANSWERSWhat are the four primary types of injury that can occur due to exposure to ammonia? 
 
50 - ANSWERSWhat is the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) set forth by Federal OSHA...
RETA CARO EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2025/2026
Which refrigerant has the highest mass flow requirement at the same evaporator and condensing temperature? - ANSWERSCFC-12 
 
which refrigerant is the first to be phased out by Montreal Protocol - ANSWERSCFC-12 
 
As the ratio between the evaporator and condensing pressure increases - ANSWERSthe theoretical discharge temperature increases 
 
Under the Montreal Protocol - ANSWERSas long as a technician does not perform work on the refrigerant containing portions of a system they do not need to be...
- Package deal
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 2 pages •
Which refrigerant has the highest mass flow requirement at the same evaporator and condensing temperature? - ANSWERSCFC-12 
 
which refrigerant is the first to be phased out by Montreal Protocol - ANSWERSCFC-12 
 
As the ratio between the evaporator and condensing pressure increases - ANSWERSthe theoretical discharge temperature increases 
 
Under the Montreal Protocol - ANSWERSas long as a technician does not perform work on the refrigerant containing portions of a system they do not need to be...
OHIO STATE FIRE ALARM PRACTICE TEST (3) EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT.
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