Jonathanmatondo82

It has been reported that are the warmest years in the history of instrumentation (since 1850) and the global surface temperature rise is attributed to the greenhouse gases effect. The combined global land and ocean surface temperature for July 2010 was the second warmest on record, behind 1998, and the warmest average January-July on record. The effects of global warming will bring changes in annual average precipitation values in the order of ±20%. The southern African region has been pr...

Africa has six climate types namely: tropical rainforest climate near the equator and tropical savanna climate north and south of the tropical rain forest. The tropical savanna grades poleward in both hemispheres into a region of semiarid steppe. Narrow belts of Mediterranean type of climate are found the northern and southern extremities of the continent. Africa has 160 lakes and 61 international rivers shared by two or more countries. The largest basins are; Congo, Nile, Zambezi, Niger and ...

Human activities, however, are now raising the concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere and thus increasing their ability to trap energy. The global greenhouse gas emissions due to anthropogenic activities have increased since pre-industrial times with an increase of about 70% between 1970 and 2004 (IPCC, 2007). Man-made carbon dioxide which, is the most important contributor to the enhanced greenhouse gases effect, comes mainly from the use of coal, fossil fuel/oil, and natural gas. It i...

The African coast line is about 26,000 km (16,000 mi) long. Major cities that lie along the African coastline to name a few are: Cape Town, Durban, Maputo, Dar es Salaam, Kinshasa, Alexandria, Casablanca, Abidjan, Accra and Lagos. Sea-level rise as an impact of human-induced climate change has significant implications to low-lying coastal areas and beyond. The coastal zone contains valuable ecosystems and typically has higher population densities than inland areas (Small and Nicholls, 2003; McGr...

This document covers drainage basin as a geomorphologic, hydrologic and planning unit. It covers drainage basin morphology that fluvial geomorphology, morphometric analysis. Drainage basin dynamics, channel erosion (sediment transport mechanisms and deposition). Runoff and factors affecting runoff and sediment yield in streams. Effluent, influent and ephemeral streams. Watershed planning management (IWRM) and conservation.

Dar es Salaam is the city with largest number of industries in Tanzania. However, the water demand for the industries is more than the supply. Therefor, there is a water use competing problem among the industries. Dynamic programming technique has been applied to optimally allocate the available water among industries with the objective of maximizing the net benefits. The results reveal that industries with the highest net return per unit of water use was given the first priority of being alloca...

Abstract The enhanced greenhouse gas effect is expected to cause high temperature increase globally (1.0 to 3.5 degrees Celsius) and this will lead to an increase in precipitation in some regions while other regions will experience reduced precipitation (±20%). The impact of expected climate change will affect almost all the sectors of the human endeavor. However, the major purpose of this paper is the management of water resources under climate change for peace and prosperity in Swaziland. T...

Abstract The enhanced greenhouse gas effect is expected to cause high temperature increase globally (1.0–3.5 oC) and this will lead to an increase in precipitation in some regions while other regions will experience reduced precipitation (±20%). The impact of expected climate change will affect almost all the sectors of the human endeavor. However, the major purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources for Swaziland. The impact of climat...

This document covers the definition of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). It covers the six programme, areas which were adopted by the international conference on water and environment held in Dublin Ireland in January 1992. The principles and key elements of IWRM are presented. Implementation of IWRM, environmental management principles and management policies in the water sector inclusive. Stakeholder mapping, identification of the drivers of stakeholder engagement and collaboration...

This lecture manuscript consists of 9 chapters. Chapter 1:the development in hydrology the hydrologic cycle and its components. Chapter2:the atmosphere with the formation and types of precipitation, measurement of precipitation and the determination of average precipitation, intensity-duration-frequency curves, frequency analysis and probable maximum precipitation. Chapter 3: evaporation transpiration measurement evaporation and its estimation. Chapter 4: infiltration, factors influencing the ra...

Abstract The greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6) concentrations in the atmosphere have increased very much since the industrial revolution. The greenhouse gas effect has been projected to cause global average temperature increase in the order of 1.4 to 5.8oC over the period 1990 to 2100. Therefore, global average annual precipitation is projected to increase during the 21st century due to the greenhouse effect. The impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources in ...

The science behind the generation of information required to evaluate the impact of climate change on the water resources in Eswatini is presented. Three general circulation models namely: Canadian climate change equilibrium (CCC-EQ), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and United Kingdom Transient Resilient (GFDL) were found appropriate for use to project temperature and precipitation changes for Eswatini for year 2075 for low, medium and high climate scenarios for dry, average and wet...

Abstract Air, land and water are the three fragile components of the Spaceship Earth. These three components are highly integrative resources and therefore, must be properly planned and managed in order to ensure adequate public health, food supplies and transportation. The quality of life is directly dependent on how well these resources are planned and managed for sustainable development. The above three resources are highly integrated and thus the need for multi-purpose water resources plann...

Abstract It has been identified that, long-term climatic changes (Pleistocene ice ages) have been caused by periodic changes in the distribution of incoming solar radiation due to the variations in the earth's orbital geometry, that is the tilt, precision of equinoxes and eccentricity which take place with periodicity ranging from 41 to 9508 thousand years. However, it has been considered that the major potential mechanism of climate change over the next few hundred years will be anthropogen...

Abstract Air, land and water are the three fragile components of the Spaceship Earth. These three components are highly integrative resources and therefore, must be properly planned and managed in order to ensure adequate public health, food supplies and transportation. The quality of life is directly dependent on how well these resources are planned and managed for sustainable development. The above three resources are highly integrated and thus the need for multi-purpose water resources plann...

Abstract: This paper assesses affordability and willingness of rural households in the Lowveld region of Swaziland to install rooftop rainwater harvesting systems. The choice of the Lowveld was motivated by the fact that it is prone to drought and experiences acute water shortage problems during the dry season from May to October. Therefore, this study was designed to determine affordability and willingness on the part of households to install a rainwater harvesting system consisting of gutter...

ABSTRACT A study to assess the effect of rainfall variability, varying water demand and storages sizes on the duration of the collected rainwater for domestic purposes in the drought prone areas of Swaziland was conducted in the Lowveld region. The choice of the Lowveld was motivated by the fact that it is prone to drought and experiences acute water shortage problems. The objectives of the study were to determine the: (i) effect of rainfall variability on the annual amount of rainwater to be c...

ABSTRACT Water plays a fundamental, pervasive , critical role in every economy and thus is very important in almost all aspects of the human endeavours. It is worth to remember that, ancient civilization grew up in the river valleys such as Euphratis and Tigris, the Nile river etc. In Egypt, the waters of the Nile is their life blood and the Tukano of the Amazon compare water on the earth to the blood in their veins. Forty seven percent of the land area of the earth is drained by international ...

Abstract Air, land and water are the three fragile components of the Spaceship Earth. These three components are highly integrative resources and therefore, must be properly planned and managed in order to ensure adequate public health, food supplies and transportation. The quality of life is directly dependent on how well these resources are planned and managed for sustainable development. The above three resources are highly integrated and thus the need for multi-purpose water resources plann...

ABSTRACT: Urbanization and expansion of structural developments within the urban area of Mbabane are challenges that require a rapid response in terms of flood-damage mitigation measures. There have been several cases of flash floods in Mbabane mostly resulting from heavy downpour and a poor drainage system, thus causing in loss of property and goods. In this study, the effects of development activities on the occurrence of floods in Mbabane City were investigated using two set of orthophoto, m...