Anhnguyen9

1. What are Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance? 2. What is the difference between a gene, a locus, and an allele? 3. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? 4. What is dominance? Can there be dominance in a homozygote? 5. What is Segregation? Draw out a Punnett Square for a Monohybrid cross Aa x Aa. How many homozygotes are there? How many heterozygotes are there? 6. What is Independent Assortment? Draw out a Punnett Square for a Dihybrid cross between AaBB x AABb. What are the ...

1. Predict the direction of water’s osmosis across a membrane when a cell is placed in hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic solutions, and how some cells use this to create turgor pressure. 2. Predict how the presence of saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol influence membrane fluidity. 3. Draw how channels, carriers, pumps, and energy sources move molecules across a membrane and explain which of these allow these molecules to move with or against their concentration...

1. What are the differences and similarities between Meiosis and Mitosis? 2. Describe the steps in Meiosis I and Meiosis II. 3. What are the differences between Meiosis I and Meiosis II? 4. What happens during crossing over? 5. What types of mutations could arise during Meiosis and how do they occur? Describe the processes. Meiosis versus Mitosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, Chromosome, Chromatid, Homologous Chromosomes, Crossing Over, Unequal crossing over, Chiasmata, Nondisjunction, Aneupl...

1. Understand how the endocrine system (ES) works in tandem with the nervous system (NS) to better respond to an animal’s environment. 2. Understand the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones based on where their receptors are on/in the cell and the type of response invoked. 3. Know the difference between tropic and direct hormones released by the anterior pituitary. 4. Describe examples of how our ES utilizes negative and positive feedback. 5. Describe how your body maint...

1. Explain the role of hydrogen bonding between complementary nitrogenous bases in the formation of the DNA double helix (reviewed from last lecture) and a folded RNA ribozyme. 2. Outline the central dogma of replication, transcription, and translation. 3. Describe roles for triphosphate nucleotides in energy transfer and storage in a cell. 4. Explain the structural/chemical difference between a fatty acid, triglyceride, phospholipid, and steroid. 5. Draw a diagram of a micelle and of a lipo...

1. Describe the hierarchical organization of skeletal muscle from sarcomere to whole muscle. 2. Understand how actin and myosin interact via the cross-bridge cycle to generate force and produce movement. 3. Know how smooth and striated (cardiac & skeletal) muscle types differ and are controlled by different branches of the nervous system. 4. Demonstrate how muscle contraction begins with motor neurons depolarizing muscle cells, triggering the release of calcium that initiates sarcomere contra...

1. What is an Operon, and what is its structure? 2. Discuss how gene regulation occurs in Prokaryotes using the Lac Operon as an example. 3. What are Epigenetic Modifications? Give Examples and discuss how they regulate gene expression. 4. How might Transcription be regulated in Eukaryotes? 5. How might RNA Processing lead to different protein products? 6. How might RNA Editing lead to different protein products? 7. How might Translation be regulated in Eukaryotes? Gene Regulation, Gene...

1. Predict how changes in temperature and pH might affect the shape and function of proteins. 2. Define what competitive inhibition and allosteric regulation of an enzyme means. 3. Draw a simple diagram of a metabolic pathway undergoing feedback regulation using an allosteric inhibitor. 4. Identify the phosphate, monosaccharide and nitrogenous base portions of a nucleotide, and the phosphodiester bond in a nucleic acid polymer. 5. Explain the role of hydrogen bonding between complementary ni...

1. Know how the brain processes and integrates information from multiple sensory systems, to different areas in the brain responsible for each. 2. Understand the two cortices responsible for coordinating a physical response via our muscles. 3. Understand how your brain rewards pleasurable experiences via a complex pathway that reinforces that pathway. 4. Apply your understanding of learning to understand positive feedback. 5. Understand the connection between sleep and learning. Forebrain...

1. Identify a glycosidic linkage and a peptide bond. 2. Name some polysaccharides and their biological roles. 3. Define the characteristics and bonds that give proteins their primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. Hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, glycosidic linkage, starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, polypeptide, carboxyl and amino groups, peptide bond, alpha carbon, R group, amino (N)-terminus, carboxyl (C) terminus, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein str...