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1. Normal age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system include: A. Increased muscle mass B. Increased height C. Loss of muscle mass and strength and decreased bone density D. Increased joint flexibility Correct Answer: C. Loss of muscle mass and strength and decreased bone density Rationale: These changes contribute to fall and fracture risk. Exercise can slow them. 2. Foot problems in older adults that increase fall risk include: A. Normal arches B. Flexible joints C. Bunions, to...

1. The concept of intrinsic capacity, used by the WHO, refers to: A. Income B. The combination of an individual's physical and mental capacities C. Housing D. Family size Correct Answer: B. The combination of an individual's physical and mental capacities Rationale: WHO's ICOPE approach monitors intrinsic capacity. Declines can be addressed early. 2. Normal aging of the nervous system includes: A. Loss of memory to the point of dementia B. Personality change C. Slower reaction...

1. Intrinsic fall risk factors are those related to: A. The environment, such as rugs B. The person, such as weakness, gait problems, vision loss and cognitive impairment C. Weather only D. Footwear only Correct Answer: B. The person, such as weakness, gait problems, vision loss and cognitive impairment Rationale: Extrinsic factors relate to the environment. Most falls involve both. 2. Depression increases fall risk through: A. Psychomotor slowing, poor concentration and antidepressant ...

1. Social determinants affecting older adults' fall risk include: A. Eye color B. Housing quality, income, transportation and social support C. Birth order D. Blood type Correct Answer: B. Housing quality, income, transportation and social support Rationale: Unsafe housing and isolation increase risk. Community resources can help. 2. Immobility in older adults leads quickly to: A. Improved strength B. Better sleep C. Muscle loss, deconditioning and increased fall risk D. Lower fall...

1. A person working outdoors in extreme heat develops heat stroke. Cellular injury occurs because: A. Cold causes ice crystals in cells B. High temperatures denature proteins and increase metabolic demand beyond oxygen supply C. Radiation breaks DNA strands D. Sodium is pumped out too quickly Correct Answer: B. High temperatures denature proteins and increase metabolic demand beyond oxygen supply Rationale: Hyperthermia increases metabolic rate, denatures enzymes and damages membranes, ...

1. An infection that spreads easily from one person to another is described as: A. Opportunistic B. Endogenous C. Latent D. Highly communicable Correct Answer: D. Highly communicable Rationale: Communicability reflects how easily a pathogen spreads, with measles being among the most communicable. Opportunistic infections affect weakened hosts, endogenous infections arise from a person's own flora, and latent infections are dormant. 2. Fever in an infected patient increases oxygen dem...

1. Hyperkalemia is often caused by which medication class? A. Loop diuretics B. Thiazide diuretics C. Beta-2 agonists D. ACE inhibitors and potassium-sparing diuretics Correct Answer: D. ACE inhibitors and potassium-sparing diuretics Rationale: ACE inhibitors, ARBs and spironolactone reduce aldosterone effects, causing potassium retention, especially in kidney disease. Loop and thiazide diuretics cause potassium loss, and beta-2 agonists shift potassium into cells. 2. Administering a hy...

1. In the Melnyk seven-step EBP process, the final step is to: A. Ask a PICOT question B. Search for evidence C. Cultivate inquiry D. Disseminate the outcomes of the EBP change Correct Answer: D. Disseminate the outcomes of the EBP change Rationale: Sharing results helps others learn. Evaluation of outcomes precedes dissemination. 2. The phrase "best available evidence" acknowledges that: A. Only RCTs count B. The highest-level evidence may not exist for every question, so the str...

1. A key organizational facilitator of EBP is: A. Discouraging questions B. Punishing errors C. Restricting library access D. Leadership support, EBP mentors and a culture that values inquiry Correct Answer: D. Leadership support, EBP mentors and a culture that values inquiry Rationale: Culture strongly predicts EBP use. Leaders model and resource it. 2. Practice based on tradition, such as routine vital signs every 4 hours for all patients, is an example of: A. A sacred cow that should...

1. Memoing in grounded theory involves: A. Sending emails to participants B. Writing analytic notes about codes, categories and emerging relationships C. Taking minutes D. Counting words Correct Answer: B. Writing analytic notes about codes, categories and emerging relationships Rationale: Memos trace theoretical development. They support the audit trail. 2. Ethical issues specific to qualitative research include: A. No ethical issues B. Only randomization ethics C. Protecting confiden...

1. Clinical reasoning and EBP are related because: A. They are unrelated B. EBP replaces reasoning C. Reasoning ignores evidence D. Clinical reasoning uses evidence along with assessment data to make patient decisions Correct Answer: D. Clinical reasoning uses evidence along with assessment data to make patient decisions Rationale: Good reasoning incorporates evidence. Both are essential nursing skills. 2. EBP is important for nurses because it: A. Reduces nurse involvement B. Replaces...

Evidence-Based Practice - 2026 Nursing Primer: Midterm Exam (Units 1-7) - Questions with Correct Answers

1. When searching for qualitative studies, useful terms include: A. Qualitative, interview, focus group, phenomenology and lived experience B. Randomized and placebo C. Odds ratio D. Double-blind Correct Answer: A. Qualitative, interview, focus group, phenomenology and lived experience Rationale: Design terms help find qualitative evidence. Filters exist in some databases. 2. Hand-searching reference lists of relevant articles (snowballing) helps: A. Remove duplicates B. Narrow the ques...

1. Moral agency means: A. The capacity to make moral judgments and act on them, being accountable for one's actions B. Following orders without thought C. Lack of responsibility D. Legal representation Correct Answer: A. The capacity to make moral judgments and act on them, being accountable for one's actions Rationale: Nurses are moral agents. Organizational constraints can limit agency. 2. The social contract between nursing and society means that: A. Nurses owe nothing to socie...

1. A criticism of utilitarianism is that it may: A. Ignore consequences B. Justify harming individuals or minorities if overall benefit is greater C. Overemphasize individual rights D. Avoid decisions Correct Answer: B. Justify harming individuals or minorities if overall benefit is greater Rationale: Rights-based approaches counterbalance this concern. Justice limits harm to individuals. 2. Nursing ethics differs from medical ethics in that it emphasizes: A. Only rare dilemmas B. The ...

1. Shift report conducted at the bedside should protect privacy by: A. Announcing all details to roommates B. Discussing sensitive information discreetly and respecting patient preferences C. Avoiding the patient D. Using the hallway Correct Answer: B. Discussing sensitive information discreetly and respecting patient preferences Rationale: Privacy can be maintained with care. Patients may choose what is shared. 2. Posting a photo of a unit celebration on social media requires checking t...

1. A nurse who refuses to lie to a patient because lying is always wrong is applying: A. Utilitarian reasoning B. Relativism C. Egoism D. Deontological reasoning Correct Answer: D. Deontological reasoning Rationale: Duties guide the action. Consequences are not the primary consideration. 2. Everyday ethics in nursing includes: A. Only end-of-life decisions B. Only research C. Only court cases D. Respecting privacy, honesty in communication and fair allocation of time among patients C...

1. The relationship between law and ethics is that: A. Laws set minimum standards of conduct, while ethics may require more than the law B. They are always identical C. Ethics is enforced by courts D. Laws never reflect ethics Correct Answer: A. Laws set minimum standards of conduct, while ethics may require more than the law Rationale: Something legal may still be unethical. Ethics often guides higher professional standards. 2. An ethical environment in health care organizations is sup...

1. The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses was most recently revised in: A. 1953 only B. 2015 C. 2021 D. 2025 Correct Answer: C. 2021 Rationale: The revision reflected lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. ICN first adopted a code in 1953. 2. The ICN Code states that nurses share responsibility for: A. Hospital finances only B. Physician schedules C. Insurance coverage D. Sustaining safe, supportive working environments Correct Answer: D. Sustaining safe, supportive working environments Ra...

1. An ethical dilemma exists when: A. There is a clear right answer B. A law is broken C. Two or more morally justifiable options conflict and choosing one means not fully honoring the other D. A mistake is made Correct Answer: C. Two or more morally justifiable options conflict and choosing one means not fully honoring the other Rationale: Dilemmas involve competing obligations. Frameworks help reason through them. 2. Integrity as a professional value means: A. Changing values to fit ...