COCO SOLUTIONS ACADEMIC STORE

Enteral nutrition - Answer delivery of nutrients into the GI tract via a tube or a catheter Parenteral nutrition - Answer the provision of nutrients directly into the bloodstream via IV catheter -non-functioning GI tract, bypasses the GI tract entirely -nutrients are provided in simplest form Total EN - Answer all energy received by the pt is provided by enteral formula via tube or catheter placed through the nose, esophagus, stomach, or intestines (duodenum or jejunum) - not...

nephron - glomerulus - ultrafilter, barrier - Answer ____________- the functional unit consists of a glomerulus connected to tubules ________________ mass of capillaries function is to produce ____________ and provide a ___________ to loss of protein & RBC's 1) Excretory Functions - waste, drugs - urine - Answer Removes ____________ and ______ from the body, including: urea (byproduct of protein metabolism) excess vitamins and minerals metabolites of some d...

Genetic metabolic disorders - Answer "inborn errors of metabolism" conditions that are inherited traits that result in the absence, or reduced activity of a specific enzyme or co-factor necessary for optimal metabolism Less common causes of genetic metabolic disorders - Answer inherited in an autosomal dominant patterns, x-linked disorders, and alterations in the mitochondrial DNA that are inherited only through maternal linkage. Treatment for genetic metabolic disorders - Answ...

This electrolyte is the second most prevalent intracellular cation. It is an important cofactor in enzymatic reactions in the body, and is important in bone metabolism, central nervous system function, and cardiovascular function. Its normal serum values range 1.5-2.5 mEq/L. - Answer Magnesium This electrolyte is the primary intracellular anion. It is vital in energy metabolism, and also plays an important role in bone metabolism. - Answer phosphorous This electrolyte is the primary ...

What was Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) formerly known as? - Answer Acute Renal Failure (ARF) What is AKI? - Answer injury that occurs in previously healthy kidneys How is AKI determined? - Answer marked by sudden decrease (over hours or days) in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and decreased excretion of waste What is the urinary output with AKI? - Answer normal or oliguric (urine volume of less than 400 mL) What are the causes of AKI? - Answer 1. pre-renal 2. post-renal ...

Enteral nutrition - Answer delivery of nutrients into the GI tract (GIT) via a tube or a catheter Parenteral nutrition - Answer the provision of nutrients directly into the bloodstream via IV catheter (all nutrients in simplest form) When to use enteral nutrition - Answer Cannot eat, cannot eat enough, impaired digestion, absorption, or metabolism Conditions that require EN - Answer SBS, severe GI bleed/ malabsorption, distal fistula, paralytic ileus, constant vomiting/ diar...

Dyspnea - Answer air hunger, labored breathing-- symptom of pulmonary disease Tachypnea - Answer abnormally rapid respirations-- symptom of pulmonary disease Hypercapnia (or hypercarbia) - Answer greater than normal amounts of CO2 in the blood May cause morning headache and confusion after respiratory rate slows overnight Hemoptysis - Answer expectoration (coughing up) of blood Pulmonary disease effects on nutrient intake - Answer Increases nutrition needs by increa...

Cellular response to stress is characterized as an? - Answer Inflammatory response Adaption occurs during? - Answer Starvation Metabolic responses to starvation - Answer Decrease: Metabolism, Cardiac output, O2 consumption, Body temperature, protein catabolism, muscle protein anabolism Ketosis develops, responsive to exogenous fuels Metabolic response to stress/injury - Answer Increase: Metabolism, cardiac output, O2 consumption, body temperature, protein catabolism Insuli...

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Atrophy - Answer each cell shrinks in size hypertrophy - Answer increase in cell size hyperplasia - Answer increase in number of cells due to increased rate of cellular division pathological hyperplasia - Answer abnormal proliferation of normal cells; usually in response to excessive hormonal stimulation Metaplasia - Answer reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, often less mature (less differentiated) Dysplasia - Answer Not a true adaptive pro...

Prokaryotes - Answer - single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus - characterized by lack of nucleus - fungi, protozoa, most algae - cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae Eukaryotes - Answer - multicellular organisms with membrane bound organelles - cells of higher animals and plants - more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization Proks. vs. euks. - Answer 1. structural differences 2. chemical composition 3. biochemical activity 4. prot...

DNA methylation - Answer attachment of a methyl group to cytosine renders genes inactive abnormal changes can lead to cancers histone - Answer protein that compresses DNA into the nucleus of a cell embryonic stem cells - Answer can develop into any type of body cell (totipotent) housekeeping genes - Answer not epigenetically silenced transcriptionally active (mrna -> protein) maintain genetic sequence by turning things on/off biallelic expression - Answer both a...

disease - Answer expressed at the organism level and includes: -at least one organ -at least one system -often many tissues and cells cytoplasmic organelles - Answer -ribosomes -ER (rough and smooth) -golgi aparatus -mitochondria -lysosomes -cytoskeleton *functions directed by the nucleus through coded messages carried by the RNA ribosomes - Answer -made from a combo of proteins and RNA -provide sites for protein synthesis inside the cell two forms: free and bound ...

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is mainly transported in the blood: A. in the form of bicarbonate. B. dissolved in red blood cells. C. attached to oxygen (O2) D. combined with albumin. - Answer A. in the form of bicarbonate. A patient is experiencing respiratory difficulty and retaining too much carbon dioxide. Which receptor sites would be stimulated in an attempt to maintain a normal homeostatic state? A. Stretch B. Peripheral C. Central D. Irritant - Answer C. Central One of the ...

define mood - Answer an internal, subjective psychological state, which directs how a person feels and perceives the world what type of stimuli influence mood? - Answer internal and external define emotions/feelings - Answer the most fluid; quickly moving minute-by-minute from happy to sad to disappointed, etc temperament/personality - Answer a stable representation of outlook, less likely to change over time which lobe of the brain regulates mood? - Answer frontal ...

levels of structural complexity - Answer 1. chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. organ system level 6. organism level prokaryotes - Answer organisms whose cells do not have a distinguishable nucleus, mostly unicellular, more primitive eukaryotes - Answer organisms whose cells have a nucleus bound by a membrane, typically contain other organelles nucleus - Answer -center of cell -contains dna -contains nucleolus which stores rna ribosom...

pathophysiology - Answer the study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of an injury, disorder, or disease; often referred to as a study of the mechanisms of disease pathology - Answer study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease physiology - Answer the mechanisms of human body functioning structure - Answer how the human body is put together, including the component parts and location of those parts function - Answer h...

The hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, heart, kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, GI tract, ovaries and testis compose the: - Answer Endocrine system Throughout life, hormones are responsible for: - Answer -maintaining homeostasis -initiating adaptive responses during crisis situations In the fetus, hormones are responsible for: - Answer growth and development as well as for the differentiation of the nervous system and reproductiv...

atrophy - Answer cellular work decreases, cell size shrinks in size to conserve energy hypertrophy - Answer cellular work demand increases, cells increase in size hyperplasia - Answer increase in number of cells metaplasia - Answer a change form one adult cell to another, usually by inflammation dysplasia - Answer typically considered precancerous cells but often reversible ischemia - Answer an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially t...

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