COCO SOLUTIONS ACADEMIC STORE

Differentiate between digestion and absorption - Answer Digestion: breaking down food into monomers via hydrolysis Absorption: transport of monomers from lumen of digestive tract into blood/lymph List and describe the anatomy of the organs of the alimentary canal from mouth to anus - Answer Mouth: food is masticated and mixes with salivary glands to form bolus to be swallowed Pharynx: cavity between the mouth and the esophagus - involved in the deglutition process (swallowing) ...

Internal respiration - Answer the exchange of gases between tissues and blood, whereas external respiration - Answer gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs. Ventilation - Answer process of moving air in and out of the lungs (i.e. breathing) Gas exchange - Answer process where gases are transferred across a surface in the opposite direction (based on diffusion gradient). This takes place between air and blood in the lungs and between blood and tissues. Oxygen util...

Describe lymphatic vessels and nodes - Answer Lymphatic Vessels: closely associated with the circulatory system. They carry lymph, collected from lymphatic capillaries, back to the venous circulatory system Lymphatic Nodes: found within lymphatic vessels throughout the body. They contain immune cells and filter lymph fluid as it travels through the lymph node Identify the composition of lymphatic vessels and nodes - Answer Lymphatic Vessels: • are continuous with capillaries, and l...

A deficiency of dietary iodine would result in excessive TSH secretion. - Answer true Oxytocin synthesis occurs in the neurohypophysis. - Answer false Cycles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern are called: - Answer circadian rhythms Destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells would result in: - Answer diabetes mellitus Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would stimulate: - Answer Decreased secretion of luteinizing hormone What is th...

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Are pathogenic archaea involved in periodontal disease? - Answer There is indication that M. oralis is involved with periodontal disease, however can not say for sure. It is found in over 55% of people with severe periodontal disease versus only 5-6% in healthy people. It also consumes hydrogen and produces methane, and in doing so cooperates with other microbes that are inhibited by high hydrogen levels. This is then an ideal environment for P. gingivalis which is known to be associated ...

Ectotherms vs. endotherms - Answer coldblooded vs. warmblooded Pytheas - Answer connected the tides to the forces of the moon. Eratosthenes - Answer estimated circumference of the earth and distance from moon&sun. 1st to calculate tilt of earth's axis, 1st map of world, leap year. Thought earth was 40,000 km. Vikings: Lief Eriksson - Answer explorers of the sea, reached north America way earlier than Columbus China: Bulkheads - Answer Design in a boat in order to ho...

security incident - Answer A specific instance of a risk event occurring, whether or not it causes damage. incident management - Answer A set of practices and procedures that govern how an organization will respond to an incident in progress Computer Crime - Answer is a criminal act that involves a computer as a source or target instead of an individual Incident Response Policy (IRP) - Answer The security policy that determines the actions that an organization will take foll...

Define metastasis: - Answer The process of dissemination whereby a tumor leaves its primary tissue/organ to invade distant sites where it ultimately establishes one or more colonies in distant tissues/organs The tumor that was formed first, from which the cancer cells detach to invade distant sites: - Answer Primary tumor The tumor mass that forms in an organ different from the one of origin: - Answer Secondary tumor Other name(s) for secondary tumors: - Answer Metastatic co...

A decline with age in: - Answer -Reproductive performance -Physiological function -Survival probability Rate of Living- (ROL) hypothesis Age is unavoidable - Answer -Accumulated damage to cells -Accumulated poisonous metabolic by products ROL Hypothesis: H - Answer Senescent results from an unavoidable limitations in ability to repair/eliminate ROL Hypothesis: Prediction - Answer Lifespan can't be increased by evolution ROL Hypothesis: Test - Answer Select for d...

Bacteria - Answer - unicellular organisms - made up of 1 prokaryotic cell - no nucleus but they have DNA - no membrane bond organelles Kingdoms of Bacteria - Answer 1) Archaebacteria 2) Eubacteria Archaebacteria: The Extremists - Answer - Monerans that live in harsh environments 1) Methanogen 2) Halophiles 3) Thermoacidophiles Methanogens - Answer - Methane-producing archaebacteria - Live in swamps, marshes, lake sediments and the stomachs of cows - They play a...

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How does the vaginal microbiota change during pregnancy? (and as compared to non-pregnant women) - Answer composition- pregnant are lactobacillus dominated pregnant more stable How does the fecal microbiota change during pregnancy? What potential effects does it have? (what did the animal study find?) - Answer increase in beta diversity decrease in alpha diversity (reduced richness, less species) health associated bacteria were impacted -faecalibacterium decreased- normally help de...

What is the value of studying the metatranscriptome rather than the metagenome? - Answer The metatranscriptome gives a better idea of what is going on/ active at a given time than the metagenome Alpha diveristy - Answer diversity within a group (sample, body site, etc.) beta diversity - Answer diversity between groups (comparing two of the same body site) Gamma diversity - Answer diversity across groups (human microbiome) rank abundance curve - Answer a curve that plot...

Describe Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome and genetic risk factors - Answer Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: children with this syndrome age very rapidly - genetic mutation in laminin A gene → rapid aging o lamin A is an important structural protein in the nucleus so mutations in this affect a wide variety of functions Describe Alzheimer disease and genetic risk factors - Answer Alzheimer disease: neurodegenerative disease - Mutations identified that cause the disease ...

mortality - Answer age-related biological changes increase the likelihood of illness and death aging - Answer a cumulative, progressive process that is genetically and environmentally modulated; leads to a gradual deterioration in function, "senescence" longevity - Answer period of time an animal can be expected to live (life expectancy) population studies - Answer method used to study aging, life tables, survival curves, and incedence/prevalance curves individual s...

What is Hayflick's limit? - Answer normal human cells in culture have limited capacity to replicate (40 to 60 divisions) What supports cellular senescence in aging? - Answer - cells from old donors divide fewer times than cells from younger donors - cells from short-lived species senesce sooner than those of long-lived species - cells from donors with premature aging syndromes senesce more rapidly than those from normal donors - cells expressing markers of senescence accumulate i...

How does the kidney play a role in regulating blood pressure? - Answer The kidney secretes renin which helps convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. ACE then coverts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II works directly on the arterioles. What are major changes in the aging vasculature? - Answer Change in shape and size of endothelial cells = decreased function. Increased thickness of smooth muscle and elastic layers = stiffening of arteries = increased systolic pressure ...

Protein functions arise from a combination of...? - Answer Binding other molecules (proteins, nucleic acids or small molecules), catalyzing chemical reactions or acting as a substrate for modifications What is the function of hemoglobin? - Answer Hemoglobin binds with heme, reacts with CO2, binds bis-phosphoglycerate and binds O2. Net effect is the ability to effectively bind and release O2 at different sites of the body. What types of chemical reactions do proteins catalyze? - Answe...

What defines a protein? - Answer - a-L amino acids - synthesized by ribosomes - sequence dictated by mRNA - interactions and modifications driven by thermodynamic properties Are all protein acids composed of L-amino acids? - Answer All except glycine - due to symmetry Direction of protein synthesis - Answer N-terminus to C-terminus Atom nomenclature in amino acids - Answer - Atom type - Differentiated by Greek alphabet naming outward from Ca - branches use numbers t...