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NUR 4226 Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia)
Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia) 
•	Causes: fluid overload or diminished homeostatic mechanisms, heart failure, kidney injury, cirrhosis of liver, consumption of excessive amounts of table salt or other sodium salts, excessive administration of sodium- containing fluids with impaired regulatory mechanisms 
•	Clinical manifestations: acute weight gain, peripheral edema and ascites, distended jugular veins (JVD), crackles, elevated CVP, shortness of breath, ↑ BP, bounding pulse,	cough, ↑...