- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

BIOL331 / BIOL 331 Module 8 (Latest Update 2026 / 2027) Pathophysiology | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Portage Learning Renal Disorders & Fluid / Electrolyte Dysfunction Question: Major electrolytes that contribute to fluid balance: (4) Answer: Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Question: Normal plasma Na+ concentration range: Answer: 135-145 mEq/L Question: Hyponatremia occurs when plasma concentration of Na+: Answer: Falls below 135 mEq/L

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28 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A

DrEmma

BIOL331 / BIOL 331 Module 9 (Latest Update 2026 / 2027) Pathophysiology | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Portage Learning Endocrine Disorders Question: Name for damage to large vessels caused by diabetes: Major risk factor for: (4) Answer: Macrovascular complications -Peripheral vascular disease -Coronary artery disease -Heart attack -Stroke Question: Leading cause of death in diabetics: Peripheral vascular disease in diabetics is the leading cause of: What can lower the risk? An...

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12 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A

DrEmma

BIOL331 / BIOL 331 Module 10 (Latest Update 2026 / 2027) Pathophysiology | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Portage Learning Musculoskeletal Disorders Question: What are prescribed once diagnosis of osteoporosis is given? Answer: -Antiresorptive drugs -Anabolic agents. Question: Three types of Antiresorptive drugs: (3) Answer: -Estrogen -Bisphophonates -Calcitonin Question: Estrogen as a Antiresorptive drug: What is necessary? Why? Answer: -Very effective at reducing progression of...

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52 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

DrEmma

BIOL331 / BIOL 331 Module 3 (Latest Update 2026 / 2027) Pathophysiology | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Portage Learning Mechanisms of Self-defense: Immunity & Dysfunctions Question: platelets role in inflammation Answer: They release inflammatory mediators to increase vascular permeability and alter various endothelial cell properties(adhesive, chemotactic and proteolytic). Question: Neutrophils role in inflammation: Answer: Primary phagocytes that arrive early to injury site. ...

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41 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

DrEmma

BIOL331 / BIOL 331 Module 4 (Latest Update 2026 / 2027) Pathophysiology | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Portage Learning Cardiovascular & Hematopoietic Disorders Question: Two main coronary arteries Answer: Left and right coronary arteries Question: Left coronary artery branches into: Answer: Left anterior descending Circumflex Question: Right coronary artery branch forms: Answer: the posterior descending artery

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41 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A

DrEmma

BIOL331 / BIOL 331 Module 4 (Latest Update 2026 / 2027) Pathophysiology | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Portage Learning Cardiovascular & Hematopoietic Disorders Question: Two main coronary arteries Answer: Left and right coronary arteries Question: Left coronary artery branches into: Answer: Left anterior descending Circumflex Question: Right coronary artery branch forms: Answer: the posterior descending artery

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44 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

DrEmma

BIOL331 / BIOL 331 Module 10 (Latest Update 2026 / 2027) Pathophysiology | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Portage Learning Musculoskeletal Disorders Question: What are prescribed once diagnosis of osteoporosis is given? Answer: -Antiresorptive drugs -Anabolic agents. Question: Three types of Antiresorptive drugs: (3) Answer: -Estrogen -Bisphophonates -Calcitonin Question: Estrogen as a Antiresorptive drug: What is necessary? Why? Answer: -Very effective at reducing progression of...

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47 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A

DrEmma

Absorption - Answer The transport of dissolved substances into cells Digestion - Answer The breakdown of absorbed substances Respiration - Answer The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy Excretion - Answer The removal of soluble waste materials Egestion - Answer The removal of nonsoluble waste materials Secretion - Answer The release of biosynthesized substances. Homeostasis - Answer Maintaining the status quo Reproduction - Answer Pro...

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4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Hypothesis - Answer must be testable and falsifiable; an educated prediction that can be tested Prediction - Answer making an educated guess as to what might happen based on observation Experiments - Answer a test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, to examine the validity of a hypothesis, or to determine the efficacy of something previously untried; the process of conducting such a test Scientific Theory - Answer a well-substantiated expla...

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8 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Cell biology - Answer Reductionist based on the studying parts of the whole that lead to understanding the whole Discovery of Cells - Answer Robert Hooke invented the microscope (1665) Refined by Anonie van Leeuwenhoek --> looked at sperm and thought humans lived inside them Cell theory created - Answer mid 1880s by Scleiden, Schwann and Virchow Cell theory (10) - Answer 1) Life = property of cells 2) Highly complex and organized 3) Genetic program and means of usi...

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4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

How can cells contact each other? - Answer through specialized contacts What interactions do proteins in cellular contacts make? - Answer to other proteins on neighboring cell or substratum and other proteins inside the cell What dictates the function of proteins in cellular contacts? - Answer properties and interactions What kinds of junctions are present in epithelium? - Answer adherents’ junction, gap junction, tight junction, desmosome What is the importance of inte...

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4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

the external appearance of an organism that is determined by the individual's genotype - Answer Incomplete dominance the genetic makeup of an organism - Answer genotype referring to a gene pair in which two alleles code for the same trait - Answer Homozygous referring to a gene pair in which the two alleles to not code for the same trait - Answer heterozygous an inheritance relationship in which neither of the two alleles of the same gene totally masks the other - Answ...

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2 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

What is considered the difference between natural and sexual selection? - Answer -Natural selection: trying to survive to reproduce -Sexual selection: trying to reproduce, even it it reduces survival What is the importance of potential reproduction rate, parental investment, and sex ratios in the context of the evolution of sex roles? - Answer -higher parental investment results in low potential reproductive rate, whicch results in low levels of sexual activity. The better the mates qu...

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11 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Define a cell -composition -capabilities? - Answer Structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms -consists of complex and organized molecules as well as molecules working together -can make exact copies and self-correct What is common between all cell types - Answer All made of the same biochemicals that differentiated into different cells with different function Features needed to make a cell (4) - Answer Plasma membrane - separates internal and external environ...

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28 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Plant cell structure and function is what? - Answer Conserved (mostly; with some differences that may exist) By saying that plant cell structure and function is conserved, what kinds of things related to it are being conserved? - Answer Organelles, structures, metabolic processes, genes, etc. Why is there no cell migration in plant cells? - Answer The plant cells are glued to each others' neighbours About how many different plant cell types are ther? - Answer 50 What a...

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49 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Mechanism of cellular differentiation - Answer chromatin closure Heterochromatin - Answer Highly compacted chromatin that is not accessible for transcription (especially after mitosis) Euchromatin - Answer Less condensed, transcriptionally active (Eu = true, "truly transcribed") Nucleosome - Answer A length of DNA wound twice around a histone heterooctamer 6 Chemical Modifications Comprising the Histone Code - Answer 1. Acetylation + 2. DNA Methylation - 3. His...

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16 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Behavioral defense - Answer Young animals are often small, naive, unskilled, and less mobile - classic targets of a predator. As a means of offsetting this, parents often will physically/spatially attend to their eggs or hatched/born young in order to defend them from a variety of biotic threats, such as predators and parasites. Among the most common forms of parental care; examples can be found in fish and primates who clean their young of pathogens/parasites to reptiles or amphibians wh...

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10 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

The most abundant microbes in the marine environment are: - Answer viruses Viruses are not considered "living" by some biologists because they - Answer have no metabolism A viral lytic cycle is characterized by - Answer rapid infection, replication of nucleic acids and proteins, assembly of virions and release by rupture Chemosynthetic bacteria have a unique ecological role: - Answer because they use energy derived from inorganic chemicals Bacteria belong to the dom...

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3 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Neural acclimation - Answer the tuning out of non-functional, irrelevant neural stimulation List the three main functional aspects of neurons controlling animal behaviors. Which of these three do you think is least important? - Answer Salience, specialization, and redundancy. Responding to the right stimuli (salience) with the right response (specialization) are critical for animal fitness. Having a backup plan is nice (redundancy), but not as key for survival responses. If male bird...

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5 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Evolution - Answer 1. Change over time 2. Populations evolve; individuals don't 3. The "change" comes from variation that already exists in the population Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance - Answer some bacterial/viral species evolve antibiotic resistance to commonly used antibiotics Some individuals within a population carry a gene that gives them resistance - Answer when they are exposed to the antibiotic, they don't die If all the other bacteria/viruses around...

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5 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

TestSolver9