- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

BIOL 2500 Exam 3 - Dr. Ferdous - Auburn University Exam Study Guide...

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22 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

Evergreenview

Plasma membrane is selectively (differentially) permeable - Answer some molecules pass through easily, some do not The way substances move across a membrane depends on - Answer electrochemical gradient electrochemical gradient - Answer =concentration gradient+electrical gradient across plasma membrane and which direction substance needs to go energy is NOT required for - Answer diffusion Passive transport - Answer no ATP needed; substances move from high concentration ...

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13 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

What is a nuclei? - Answer cluster of nerve cells bodies in CNS What is a ganglia? - Answer cluster of nerve cell bodies in the PNS Automatic Nervous Systems consist of motor neurons that: - Answer -innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands -make adjustments to support the body activities -operate via subconscious What is the automatic nervous system also called? - Answer involuntary nervous system or general visceral motor system The ANS and SNS both h...

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18 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - Answer - Nuclei - Answer clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS Ganglia - Answer clusters of nerve cell bodies in the PNS ANS consists of neurons that - Answer -innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands -makes adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities -operate via subconscious control Both have motor fibers but differ in - Answer -effectors -efferent pathways and ganglia -target organ responses to neurotransm...

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27 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Central Dogma - Answer DNA -> RNA -> Protein Mitosis produces what - Answer 2 identical daughter cells What is the purpose of mitosis - Answer growth, repair, asexual reproduction, replacing dead cells A mammalian somatic cell is what ploidy? Is the chromosome number odd or even - Answer 2N Even number of chromosomes What ploidy are germ line cells? How do they divide? - Answer 2N Meiosis What ploidy are gametes - Answer N What is the result of meios...

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21 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

muscle fiber - Answer a single muscle cell glycosomes - Answer granules of stored glycogen that provide glucose during periods of muscle cell activity myoglobin - Answer An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells. Sarcolemma - Answer plasma membrane of a muscle fiber sarcoplasm - Answer cytoplasm of a muscle cell skeletal muscle - Answer sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils, T tubules calcium - Answer sarcoplasmic reticulum store, regulate, and rele...

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14 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Three main themes of this course - Answer Interconnection between structure and function, Integrative function, Adaptive nature of our bodies: inter-relationship between environment and body's response Systems - Answer sets of organs comprised of tissues, which perform particular functions Homeostasis - Answer Regulation of stable internal body functions Anatomy - Answer "to cut apart"; study of structure of body parts and relationships to each other Physiology -...

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20 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Flow of organism - Answer atoms-->molecules-->organelle-->cellular level-->tissue level-->organ level-->organ system-->organism Anatomy - Answer "to cut apart", study of structure of body parts and relationships to each other Physiology - Answer study of function of the body parts, how they work together Hippocrates - Answer separated disease from superstition Gross Anatomy (macroscopic) - Answer study of large visible structures Microscop...

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13 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Arthrology - Answer study of joints Orthopedics - Answer Branch of medicine treating disorders of the skeletal system and tissues related to movement Joints - Answer (articulations) site where 2 or more bones meet -between bones -between bone and cartilage -between bones and teeth Structural Classification of Joints - Answer -Fibrous -Cartilaginous -Synovial Functional Classifications of Joints - Answer -Synarthroses (immovable) -Amphiarthroses (Slightly moveable...

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10 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Isotopes - Answer Different atoms of the same element Same number of protons and electrons, different number of neutrons Identical chemical characteristics, different atomic masses Radioisotopes - Answer Contains excess neutrons, so unstable Lose nuclear components in the form of high energy radiation Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays Physical half-life - Answer Time for 50% of a radioisotope to become stable Can vary from a few hours to thousands of years Biolog...

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25 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

what are the 5 sensory receptors classified by stimulus type? - Answer 1. thermoreceptors receptors 3. photoreceptors 4 nocioceptors 5. mechanoreceptors what are the 3 sensory receptors classified by location? - Answer 1. interoceptors/visceroceptors: responds to internal stimuli 2. exteroceptors: responds to external stimuli 3. propriocreptors: responds to change in body position when talking about sensory receptors that are classified by receptor structure, we have nonecaps...

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6 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Z line (disc) - Answer Anchor for thin filaments M line - Answer Anchor for thick filaments A band - Answer Dark area; extends length of the thick filaments I band - Answer Light area; thin myofilaments only (Z disc is center of this) H zone - Answer Thick myofilaments only (M line is center of this) Sacromere - Answer Functional unit of skeletal muscle; Z disc to Z disc; aligned end to end within myofibril Myosin (~300 myosin molecules per thick myofilamen...

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26 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

4 categories of tissues - Answer epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous 4 characteristics of muscle tissue - Answer 1. Excitability 2. Contractility 3. Extensibility 4. Elasticity 4 functions of muscle tissue - Answer movement, maintenance of posture, joint stabilization, heat generation 3 types of muscle tissue - Answer 1. skeletal - striated and voluntary 2. cardiac - striated and involuntary 3. smooth - unstriated and involuntary 3 skeletal muscle features - Answ...

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22 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

what are the repeating units called that myofilaments are arranged in? - Answer Sarcomers What triggers the release of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum - Answer Electrical signals traveling down the T tube Sprinters are likely to have a higher percentage of which type of muscle fibers - Answer Fast glycotlic fiber What is the role of G-action in thin filaments - Answer Provides a myosin bindling site What are the two main criteria for classifying skeletal muscle fibe...

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6 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Histology - Answer study of tissues Cell - Answer Basic unit of life, "small room" Tissue - Answer A group of similar cells that perform the same function. Tissue structure - Answer how cells combine with extracellular material and each other to form a tissue Longitudinal section - Answer lengthwise cut Cross section - Answer a cut across the structure Oblique section - Answer cuts made diagonally Epithelial tissue - Answer Tissue that covers ou...

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12 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

How many bones does the skull consist of? - Answer 22 Bones Of the 22 bones the skull consists of, how are they separated? - Answer 8 Cranial Bones 14 Facial Bones Cranial Bones - Answer enclose and protect brain, attachment site for head and neck muscles Which cranial bones are "paired"? (have 2 sides) - Answer Parietal bone and temporal bone What is the saggital suture? - Answer where the 2 parietal bones meet What is the lambdoid suture? - Answer where ...

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9 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Hierarchy of a Human's organs - Answer Atoms, molecules, organelle, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system, organisms Homeostasis - Answer The ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment, regardless of outside environmental changes. Developmental Anatomy - Answer Study of development that occurs between conception and adulthood. Ultrasound - Answer Used often in obstetrics due to its safety. Anatomical Position - Answer (1) Standi...

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9 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

central nervous system (CNS) - Answer structure - brain and spinal cord function - integrative and control centers peripheral nervous system (PNS) - Answer structure - cranial nerves and spinal nerves function - communication lines between CNS and the rest of the body sensory (afferent) division - Answer structure - somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers function - conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS motor (efferent) division - Answer structure - motor nerve fi...

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45 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9

Homeostasis - Answer Ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment, regardless of outside environmental changes. Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, Organ System, Organism - Answer List the "body systems" in order from smallest to largest Integrative Function - Answer Using MANY body systems Developmental Anatomy - Answer The study of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthoo...

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19 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

TestSolver9