Biotechnology

A bioreactor is a type of fermentation vessel that is used for the production of various chemicals and biological reactions. It is a closed container with adequate arrangement for aeration, agitation, temperature and pH control, and drain or overflow vent to remove the waste biomass of cultured microorganisms along with their products. Bioreactors are used for the production of biomass, metabolites, and antibiotics.The design and mode of operation of a bioreactor are based on the production of a...

It is a device in which a substrate of low value is utilized by living cells or enzymes to produce a product of higher value. They are extensively used for the culturing of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Fermenter is slightly different from a bioreactor. It is mainly used for the culturing of prokaryotic cells. Bioreactors are extensively used for food processing, fermentation, waste treatment etc. the main function of a bioreactor is to provide a controlled environment for growth of mic...

It is a process of removal of contaminants from a surface or a substance. Sterilization should be proper with a single step. It will be more effective in a closed system. Most fermenters are of open type. In them initial sterilization is done in a system to keep them sterile throughout by ensuring the removal of any contaminant at the entry or exit point.

The growth media meant for the culturing of a production strain and the subsequent production of their microbial cells or biochemical product is referred to as production or fermentation medium. Designing of a production medium is a problem involved in fermentation industry. Hence it is a trial and error method. Usually fermentation media is in liquid state to facilitate fermentation. Ideal production media should have the following characteristics. • Produce maximum yield of product biomass...

The culture used to initiate a fermentation process must be viable and free from contamination, so it has to be preserved to eliminate contamination, genetic changes and to retain viability. The organism is kept viable by repeated subculture in fresh media. But each time a cell divide during sub culturing there is a chance for mutation. Repeated sub culturing involves many divisions resulting in variation and contamination and microorganisms that carry out new fermentations or which provide high...

When an organism producing available products is identified, it becomes necessary to increase the product yield from fermentation to minimize production cost. Product yield can be increased by developing a suitable medium for fermentation, refining the fermentation process, improving the productivity of the strain. Generally major improvements arise through the last approach. The techniques and approaches used to genetically modify the organism to increase the production of desired product is ...

Fermentation process involves various steps 1. Production of an active pure high yielding Culture insufficient quantity to inoculate in to the fermenter 2. Formulation of media used for the culturing of organism during the development of inoculum and in production in fermenter 3. Designing of fermenter 4. Sterilization of media fermenter and auxiliary equipments 5. Growth of organism in the production fermenter under optimum conditions for product formation 6. Extraction of product and...

Industrial biotechnology has got wide range of application. The fermentation principles used in industrial biotechnology can be applied for the production of various commercially important products.

The documents deals about the complement system in immunology

1) You just cloned a new gene from mice. Which of the following techniques would be the best choice to use if you wanted to determine the number of copies of this gene in the mouse genome? Southern Blot analysis 1) Which of the following techniques involves hybridizing a cDNA sample to a chip containing thousands of single-stranded DNA sequences, allowing one to study the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously? DNA microarray 00:47 01:31 1) When making a complement...

biotechnology manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products. cloning vector a carrier used to transfer a gene from one organism to another in genetic engineering (a virus, or recombinant plasmid) 00:38 01:31 DNA fingerprint a pattern of bands on an electrophoresis gel, made up of restriction fragments of someone's DNA; can be used to identify a person at the molecular level DNA ligase an enzyme that ties the ends of inserted DNA in ...

What is biotechnology Using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem. Examples of first hand biotechnology • Eaten GMO/GE produce • Treated with monoclonal antibody • Had a flu shot • Required insulin Injection • Taken a home pregnancy test • Used an antibiotic • Had a glass of wine • Eaten cheese 00:38 01:31 Selective breeding Manipulating genes of domesticate plants and animals; ...