PLTW Medical Interventions: EOC Study Guide
(All Lessons) – Latest Update 2026 | Exam Prep
PDF | Graded A+
Epidemiology: - correct answerA branch of medical science that deals with the
incidence, distribution, and control of disease
Case Control Study: - correct answerEpidemiological study where a group of individuals
with the disease is compared to individuals without the disease. (Over short period of
time)
Cohort Study: - correct answerEpidemiological study with a group exposed to risk
factors and the control is not exposed. (Followed over long period of time to determine
the incidence of disease)
DNA Ligase: - correct answerA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication and
recombatinant DNA techniques (the glue)
Herd Immunity: - correct answerResistance due to large population is immune and there
for, cannot spread
Inoculation: - correct answerIntroducing a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to
stimulate antibody production
Plasmid: - correct answerRing of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from
chromosome
Vaccination: - correct answerPresents the immune system with a harmless variant of a
pathogen stimulating a long-term defense
Diseases that have been eliminated from the US: - correct answerMeasles, polio,
rubella, and mumps.
Epidemiologists investigate by: - correct answerSurveillance and descriptive studies.
Foreign Antigen: - correct answera substance (toxin of enzyme) that stimulates antibody
production
-Surface markers are used for identificating
,Antibody: - correct answerproteins produced to neutralize antigens (an immune
response)
-Binds to antigens and sends lymphocytes to kill
Bioinformatics: - correct answerThe science of collecting and analyzing biological data
-Uses computers and math
-EX. genetic codes
BLAST: - correct answerBasic Local Alignment Search Too
-A data base used to match DNA sequences with the amino acid sequences or
nucleotides
-Used to identify pathogens or diseases
Enzyme: - correct answerA substance produced by living organisms that act as a
catalyst for chemical reactions
Medical Intervention: - correct answerThe act of intervening with the intent to change
the outcome
Out break: - correct answeran occurrence of more cases of a disease in a given area or
time period that what was expected
-Also known as an epidemic
-Typically in a small, localized group
Pathogen: - correct answera bacteria, virus, or microorganism that can cause disease
(different from antigen)
DNA: - correct answerDeoxyribonucleic acid
RNA: - correct answerRibonucleic acid
Solute: - correct answerSubstance being dissolved
Solvent: - correct answerSubstance that is dissolving the solute
Enzyme Substrate: - correct answerThe substance being affected by the enzyme
Types of Medical Intervention: - correct answer-Diagnostic: X-Ray
-Pharmacology: Antibiotics
-Surgery: Blood transfusion or transplant
-Rehabilitation: Crutches or prostetics
-Medical Devices: Inhalers or pace makers
, -Immunology: Vaccines or soap
-Genetics: Testing for mutations
How do scientists gather evidence during the outbreak of an infectious disease? -
correct answer-Record symptoms and find similarities between patients.
-Isolate pathogen in lab.
-Determine origin.
-Use DNA sequence to identify pathogens or to add to the database.
How do antibodies identify and inactivate antigens? - correct answer-Shape recognition
-The proteins of cells are configured to specific antibodies
-Antigens bind to the antibody to inactivate them
ELISA: - correct answerEnzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay.
-Used to detect antibodies or antigens
-Vitro test
-The deeper the color, the more concentrated or serious the disease is
-The more serious of a disease makes it easier to identify
How can ELISA detect disease? - correct answer1. Primary antibodies attach to specific
antigens.
2. Secondary antibodies attach to primary antibody.
3. Enzyme substrate is added to change colors and is then used to compare to color
serial dilution.
Antibiotic: - correct answerA substance produced from a microorganism that inhibits
growth or kills other microorganisms (in dilute solution)
Antibiotic Resistance: - correct answerResistance to one or more antibiotics due to the
addition of genetic information
Conjugation: - correct answerA form of sexual reproduction in which they transfer
genetic information
-Mediated by the plasmid
Transduction: - correct answerGenetic material transferred from a virus that infects one
bacteria to another
-A virus is called a bacteriophage
Transformation: - correct answerWhen the plasmid absorbs natked DNA
How do antibiotics work to fight bacterial infections? - correct answerThey inhibit or kill
other microorganisms that cause bacterial infections.
(All Lessons) – Latest Update 2026 | Exam Prep
PDF | Graded A+
Epidemiology: - correct answerA branch of medical science that deals with the
incidence, distribution, and control of disease
Case Control Study: - correct answerEpidemiological study where a group of individuals
with the disease is compared to individuals without the disease. (Over short period of
time)
Cohort Study: - correct answerEpidemiological study with a group exposed to risk
factors and the control is not exposed. (Followed over long period of time to determine
the incidence of disease)
DNA Ligase: - correct answerA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication and
recombatinant DNA techniques (the glue)
Herd Immunity: - correct answerResistance due to large population is immune and there
for, cannot spread
Inoculation: - correct answerIntroducing a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to
stimulate antibody production
Plasmid: - correct answerRing of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from
chromosome
Vaccination: - correct answerPresents the immune system with a harmless variant of a
pathogen stimulating a long-term defense
Diseases that have been eliminated from the US: - correct answerMeasles, polio,
rubella, and mumps.
Epidemiologists investigate by: - correct answerSurveillance and descriptive studies.
Foreign Antigen: - correct answera substance (toxin of enzyme) that stimulates antibody
production
-Surface markers are used for identificating
,Antibody: - correct answerproteins produced to neutralize antigens (an immune
response)
-Binds to antigens and sends lymphocytes to kill
Bioinformatics: - correct answerThe science of collecting and analyzing biological data
-Uses computers and math
-EX. genetic codes
BLAST: - correct answerBasic Local Alignment Search Too
-A data base used to match DNA sequences with the amino acid sequences or
nucleotides
-Used to identify pathogens or diseases
Enzyme: - correct answerA substance produced by living organisms that act as a
catalyst for chemical reactions
Medical Intervention: - correct answerThe act of intervening with the intent to change
the outcome
Out break: - correct answeran occurrence of more cases of a disease in a given area or
time period that what was expected
-Also known as an epidemic
-Typically in a small, localized group
Pathogen: - correct answera bacteria, virus, or microorganism that can cause disease
(different from antigen)
DNA: - correct answerDeoxyribonucleic acid
RNA: - correct answerRibonucleic acid
Solute: - correct answerSubstance being dissolved
Solvent: - correct answerSubstance that is dissolving the solute
Enzyme Substrate: - correct answerThe substance being affected by the enzyme
Types of Medical Intervention: - correct answer-Diagnostic: X-Ray
-Pharmacology: Antibiotics
-Surgery: Blood transfusion or transplant
-Rehabilitation: Crutches or prostetics
-Medical Devices: Inhalers or pace makers
, -Immunology: Vaccines or soap
-Genetics: Testing for mutations
How do scientists gather evidence during the outbreak of an infectious disease? -
correct answer-Record symptoms and find similarities between patients.
-Isolate pathogen in lab.
-Determine origin.
-Use DNA sequence to identify pathogens or to add to the database.
How do antibodies identify and inactivate antigens? - correct answer-Shape recognition
-The proteins of cells are configured to specific antibodies
-Antigens bind to the antibody to inactivate them
ELISA: - correct answerEnzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay.
-Used to detect antibodies or antigens
-Vitro test
-The deeper the color, the more concentrated or serious the disease is
-The more serious of a disease makes it easier to identify
How can ELISA detect disease? - correct answer1. Primary antibodies attach to specific
antigens.
2. Secondary antibodies attach to primary antibody.
3. Enzyme substrate is added to change colors and is then used to compare to color
serial dilution.
Antibiotic: - correct answerA substance produced from a microorganism that inhibits
growth or kills other microorganisms (in dilute solution)
Antibiotic Resistance: - correct answerResistance to one or more antibiotics due to the
addition of genetic information
Conjugation: - correct answerA form of sexual reproduction in which they transfer
genetic information
-Mediated by the plasmid
Transduction: - correct answerGenetic material transferred from a virus that infects one
bacteria to another
-A virus is called a bacteriophage
Transformation: - correct answerWhen the plasmid absorbs natked DNA
How do antibiotics work to fight bacterial infections? - correct answerThey inhibit or kill
other microorganisms that cause bacterial infections.
