PHR 2500 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the four stages of the Drug System? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Research and Development
- Regulatory Review
-Manufacturing, Marketing and Distribution
-The Medication Use System
What are CGMPs? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Current good manufacturing practices.
Why are CGMPs so important? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-B/c a consumer can't detect (through sight,
smell, touch) if a product is safe or if it will work. Also, only a small sample batch is tested (like 100
tablets out of 2 mill) so that most of the batch can be used for patients instead of destroyed.
-Therefore, it's important that drugs are manufactured under conditions and practices required to
assure quality is built into the design and manufacturing process at every step.
Does a drug company typically spend more money on research and development or on marketing? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Marketing.
What are the four ways drug companies market drugs to health care professionals? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅-giving out "freebies" to doctors
-detailing - sending drug reps to talk about the drug and answer questions
-free samples of drugs
-sponsoring professional meetings and events
-Ads in professional journals
What is the term for advertising to non-healthcare professionals? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Direct to
consumer advertising (DCTA)
What are the four prescription drug advertising "musts?" - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Be accurate
-Balance risk and benefit info.
-Be consistent with prescribing info. approved by FDA.
,-Only include info that's supported by substantial evidence or substantial clinical experience.
What are the two classes of drug distribution in the U.S.? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Prescription drugs
and over-the-counter
By permitting some drugs to be sold over-the-counter, how does this empower patients? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅It allows all kinds of people, rural and urban, to have access 24/7 to treatments for
common, everyday conditions.
What are the five key steps of the drug distribution process? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Ingredients for
the drugs are supplied by various suppliers to the manufacturing plant.
-Then, the drugs are sent to a wholesaler distributor, where the products are stored in a warehouse.
-Pharmacies and hospitals can order a large range of drug products from wholesaler distributor as need
to fill their inventory
-Finally, drugs are administered to patients.
-Drugs may be repackaged. This is done for a variety of reasons, for example to meet the needs of
specific groups of patients, such as pediatrics that require a smaller dose.
What does universal health care mean? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅All citizens are entitled to receive
health care services that includes basic health care. USA doesn't have this, although Obamacare has
helped.
Is most health care in the U.S. provided by which sector, public or private? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Private.
Are most hospitals for-profit or nonprofit? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Most are nonprofit (75%).
Which high-income country spends the most on health care per person? How much does the U.S. spend
on annually per capita on health care? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-U.S. spends the most on health care per
person
-U.S. spends approx. $10,000 per capita.
, Among high-income countries, on which health outcome measures does the U.S. perform well? On
which outcomes does the U.S. perform the worst? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Performs better in cancer
survival rates and smoking rates.
-Performs worst in all other areas, including infant mortality, life expectancy, and percent of elderly with
2 or more chronic disease.
Why are healthcare costs so high in the U.S. compared to other countries? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-
Health care providers in U.S. are worried about being sued for malpractice so they practice defensive
medicine, often resulting in too many unnecessary tests.
-Doctors and nurses are paid more.
-Insurance and administrative costs, such as paperwork and marketing, are higher.
-Drug prices are higher, two or three times as much.
-Insurance companies and the gov't do less negotiating of prices with health care providers for services
like surgery costs.
What is managed care? Is this type of care common? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-A system of health care
in which patients agree to visit only certain doctors and hospitals, and in which the cost of treatment is
monitored by a managing company.
-75% of people with insurance have managed care, so it's common.
Public health services differ from medical care in that medical care is directed at the health of individual
patients and public health services are directed toward ______________? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Community
What is the difference b/t inpatient and outpatient setting? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Inpatient means
that the procedure requires the patient to be admitted to the hospital or a long-term care facility,
usually so that the person can be monitored during a procedure or during recovery.
-outpatient means the procedure doesn't require hospital admission.
What type of outpatient services are offered by hospitals? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Surgeries
What are the four stages of the Drug System? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Research and Development
- Regulatory Review
-Manufacturing, Marketing and Distribution
-The Medication Use System
What are CGMPs? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Current good manufacturing practices.
Why are CGMPs so important? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-B/c a consumer can't detect (through sight,
smell, touch) if a product is safe or if it will work. Also, only a small sample batch is tested (like 100
tablets out of 2 mill) so that most of the batch can be used for patients instead of destroyed.
-Therefore, it's important that drugs are manufactured under conditions and practices required to
assure quality is built into the design and manufacturing process at every step.
Does a drug company typically spend more money on research and development or on marketing? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Marketing.
What are the four ways drug companies market drugs to health care professionals? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅-giving out "freebies" to doctors
-detailing - sending drug reps to talk about the drug and answer questions
-free samples of drugs
-sponsoring professional meetings and events
-Ads in professional journals
What is the term for advertising to non-healthcare professionals? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Direct to
consumer advertising (DCTA)
What are the four prescription drug advertising "musts?" - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Be accurate
-Balance risk and benefit info.
-Be consistent with prescribing info. approved by FDA.
,-Only include info that's supported by substantial evidence or substantial clinical experience.
What are the two classes of drug distribution in the U.S.? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Prescription drugs
and over-the-counter
By permitting some drugs to be sold over-the-counter, how does this empower patients? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅It allows all kinds of people, rural and urban, to have access 24/7 to treatments for
common, everyday conditions.
What are the five key steps of the drug distribution process? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Ingredients for
the drugs are supplied by various suppliers to the manufacturing plant.
-Then, the drugs are sent to a wholesaler distributor, where the products are stored in a warehouse.
-Pharmacies and hospitals can order a large range of drug products from wholesaler distributor as need
to fill their inventory
-Finally, drugs are administered to patients.
-Drugs may be repackaged. This is done for a variety of reasons, for example to meet the needs of
specific groups of patients, such as pediatrics that require a smaller dose.
What does universal health care mean? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅All citizens are entitled to receive
health care services that includes basic health care. USA doesn't have this, although Obamacare has
helped.
Is most health care in the U.S. provided by which sector, public or private? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Private.
Are most hospitals for-profit or nonprofit? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Most are nonprofit (75%).
Which high-income country spends the most on health care per person? How much does the U.S. spend
on annually per capita on health care? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-U.S. spends the most on health care per
person
-U.S. spends approx. $10,000 per capita.
, Among high-income countries, on which health outcome measures does the U.S. perform well? On
which outcomes does the U.S. perform the worst? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Performs better in cancer
survival rates and smoking rates.
-Performs worst in all other areas, including infant mortality, life expectancy, and percent of elderly with
2 or more chronic disease.
Why are healthcare costs so high in the U.S. compared to other countries? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-
Health care providers in U.S. are worried about being sued for malpractice so they practice defensive
medicine, often resulting in too many unnecessary tests.
-Doctors and nurses are paid more.
-Insurance and administrative costs, such as paperwork and marketing, are higher.
-Drug prices are higher, two or three times as much.
-Insurance companies and the gov't do less negotiating of prices with health care providers for services
like surgery costs.
What is managed care? Is this type of care common? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-A system of health care
in which patients agree to visit only certain doctors and hospitals, and in which the cost of treatment is
monitored by a managing company.
-75% of people with insurance have managed care, so it's common.
Public health services differ from medical care in that medical care is directed at the health of individual
patients and public health services are directed toward ______________? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Community
What is the difference b/t inpatient and outpatient setting? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Inpatient means
that the procedure requires the patient to be admitted to the hospital or a long-term care facility,
usually so that the person can be monitored during a procedure or during recovery.
-outpatient means the procedure doesn't require hospital admission.
What type of outpatient services are offered by hospitals? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Surgeries
