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Samenvatting (sociale) psychologie

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Dit is een samenvatting van het vak psychologie dat gedoceerd wordt door An Desmet. De samenvatting is gebaseerd op de slides en op het handboek. Ook de twee gastlessen zijn erin verwerkt. Veel succes!

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Psychologie
Inhoudsopgave
Introductie en onderzoeksmethoden ................................................................................................................ 5
Definitie van (sociale) psychologie en relatie tot andere disciplines ............................................................... 5
Geschiedenis van de psychologie .............................................................................................................. 5
Sociale psychologie................................................................................................................................... 7
Onderzoeksmethoden in sociale psychologie ................................................................................................ 9
Ideeën ontwikkelen .................................................................................................................................. 9
Ideeën verfijnen ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Ideeën testen ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Ethiek en waarden.................................................................................................................................. 15

Conditionering en leren.................................................................................................................................. 16
Klassieke conditionering ............................................................................................................................. 16
Operante/instrumentele conditionering ..................................................................................................... 17
Thorndike & Skinner ............................................................................................................................... 17
Observerend leren of sociaal leren (Albert Bandura en Bobo doll) ............................................................... 19

Sociale zelf ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
Ontstaan van sociale zelf ............................................................................................................................ 20
Relationele invulling obv context-informatie, in relaties tot anderen ....................................................... 21
Relationele invulling van het zelf bij narcisme ......................................................................................... 21
Zelfschema’s .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Zelfregulatie ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Zelfconcept................................................................................................................................................. 25
Zelfwaardering ........................................................................................................................................... 27
4 methoden om ons zelfwaardering te verhogen: ................................................................................... 28
Zelfpresentatie ........................................................................................................................................... 29

Sociale perceptie ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Observatie (eerste indruk) .......................................................................................................................... 32
Attributie.................................................................................................................................................... 32
Attributietheorieën ................................................................................................................................ 33
Attributievertekening ............................................................................................................................. 36
Integratie.................................................................................................................................................... 37
Comfirmatievertekening ............................................................................................................................. 38

Sociale beïnvloeding ...................................................................................................................................... 40
Automatische sociale invloed...................................................................................................................... 40
Conformiteit ............................................................................................................................................... 40
Experiment van Sherif – autokinethisch effect ........................................................................................ 41
Asch conformiteitsexperiment................................................................................................................ 41
Inwilligen / instemmen ............................................................................................................................... 45

, Gehoorzaamheid ........................................................................................................................................ 46
Milgram’s experiment met elektroshocks (1963) .................................................................................... 46

Duurzaamheid ................................................................................................................................................ 48
Spillover / transfer ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Psychologische afstand ............................................................................................................................... 49
Eigenbelang vs belang van gemeenschap (4 sociale dilemma’s) ................................................................... 49

Anderen helpen ............................................................................................................................................. 52
Waarom helpen we (niet)? ......................................................................................................................... 52
Situationele factoren: in welke omstandigheden helpen we (niet)? ............................................................. 54
Het omstandereffect / bystander effect .................................................................................................. 54
Toepassing bystander effectenmodel op duurzaamheid.......................................................................... 55
Individuele factoren: altruïstische persoonlijkheid ...................................................................................... 56

Attitudes ........................................................................................................................................................ 58
Overreding door communicatie .................................................................................................................. 59
De bron (VSICAP) .................................................................................................................................... 60
De boodschap ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Het publiek (welke boodschappen hebben op welk publiek een max effect?) .......................................... 62
Overreding door eigen gedrag: cognitieve dissonantie ................................................................................ 62

Agressie.......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Casus1: Leidt blootstelling aan gewelddadige media tot meer agressie?...................................................... 65
Casus 2: Intrafamiliale en intergenerationele agressie ................................................................................. 68
Intergenerationeel geweld  negatieve cyclus ....................................................................................... 69
Casus 3: Relatie tussen agressie en kansarmoede........................................................................................ 69

Discriminatie en multiculturele samenleving ................................................................................................. 70
Diversiteit ................................................................................................................................................... 70
(Hyper)segregatie ................................................................................................................................... 71
Interetnisch contact.................................................................................................................................... 71
Contacthypothese .................................................................................................................................. 72
Cognitieve en affectieve gevolgen........................................................................................................... 72
Diversiteit en contact ............................................................................................................................. 73
Problemen met interetnisch contact ........................................................................................................... 73
Na het contact........................................................................................................................................ 74
Multiculturalisme ................................................................................................................................... 75
Puzzelklas en affirmatieve actie .................................................................................................................. 75
Positieve actie: harde en zachte maatregelen ......................................................................................... 75
Effecten van goedbedoelde maatregelen, media, en wetten & regels.......................................................... 76

Politieke psychologie ..................................................................................................................................... 78
Politieke kennis en attitudes ....................................................................................................................... 78
Media en agendasetting ......................................................................................................................... 78
De organisatie van politieke attitudes in het publiek ............................................................................... 78
Partij-identificatie ................................................................................................................................... 80
Ideologische attitudes................................................................................................................................. 80

, De klassieke studies................................................................................................................................ 80
Latere perspectieven op autoritarisme ................................................................................................... 81
Sociale Dominantie Oriëntatie (SDO) ...................................................................................................... 83
Een integratief model ............................................................................................................................. 83
Systeem Justificatie ................................................................................................................................ 84
Voorspellers van (radicaal) stemgedrag....................................................................................................... 85
Polarisatie .............................................................................................................................................. 85
Het catastrofemodel............................................................................................................................... 86
Tegenevidentie en alternatief model ...................................................................................................... 86
De pandemie van wantrouwen ................................................................................................................... 87
De rol van cynisme en vooroordelen ....................................................................................................... 87
Links vs. rechts: gelijkenissen en verschillen ............................................................................................ 89
Gevolgen en mogelijke oplossingen ........................................................................................................ 89

Groepen ......................................................................................................................................................... 91
Waarom groepen vormen? ......................................................................................................................... 91
Kenmerken van een groep .......................................................................................................................... 92
Leiderschap en macht ................................................................................................................................. 94

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