1
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines
Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology
VanMeter and Hubert: Gould’s Pathophysiology for the Health Professions, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an
iatrogenic disease?
a. An inherited disorder
b. A combination of specific etiological factors
c. An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
d. Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment
ANS: C
2. The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the
a. subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness.
b. signs and symptoms of a disease.
c. factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness.
d. early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection.
ANS: B
3. The best definition of the term prognosis is the
a. precipitating factors causing an acute episode.
b. number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness.
c. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease.
d. exacerbations occurring during chronic illness.
ANS: C
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and
Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?
mathematics. These disciplines
e. Swelling of the knee
f. Fever
g. Pain in the neck
h. Red rash on the face
ANS: B
4. Etiology is defined as the study of the
a. causes of a disease.
b. course of a disease.
c. expected complications of a disease.
d. manifestations of a disease.
ANS: A
5. A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as
a. hypertrophy.
b. metaplasia.
c. anaplasia.
d. atrophy.
ANS: D
6. A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic
figures would be called
a. metaplasia.
, 2
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy.
ANS: C
7. A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called
a. apoptosis.
b. ischemia.
c. hypertrophy.
d. necrosis.
ANS: B
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics.
When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called
These disciplines
e. ischemia.
f. gangrene.
g. hypoxia.
h. necrosis.
ANS: D
8. Rigorous weightlifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells
undergoing
a. hypertrophy.
b. dysplasia.
c. atrophy.
d. regeneration.
ANS: A
9. The term cancer refers to
a. dysplasia.
b. hyperplasia.
c. metaplasia.
d. malignant neoplasm.
ANS: D
10. To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?
a. Increased rate of mitosis by certain cells
b. Ischemic damage to cells
c. Liquefaction of necrotic tissue
d. Preprogrammed cell self-destruction
ANS: D
11. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Alteration of DNA does not change cell function.
b. Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves.
c. All types of cells die at the same rate.
d. Mild ischemia causes immediate cell death.
ANS: B
12. Caseation necrosis refers to an area where
a. cell proteins have been denatured.
b. cells are liquefied by enzymes.
c. dead cells form a thick cheesy substance.
d. bacterial invasion has occurred.
ANS: C
, 3
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and
mathematics. These disciplines
13. Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of
a. an iatrogenic cause of cancer.
b. a preventive measure.
c. a precipitating factor.
d. a predisposing condition.
ANS: B
14. A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed
a. latent stage.
b. predisposing factor.
c. incidence.
d. precipitating factor.
ANS: D
15. The term homeostasis refers to
a. the causative factors in a particular disease.
b. maintenance of a stable internal environment.
c. a condition that triggers an acute episode.
d. a collection of signs and symptoms.
ANS: B
16. Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the
original disease has been established?
a. Symptoms
b. Occurrence
c. Manifestations
d. Complication
ANS: D
17. Pathophysiology involves the study of
a. the structure of the human body.
b. the functions of various organs in the body.
c. functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes.
d. various cell structures and related functions.
ANS: C
18. Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology?
a. The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases
b. The relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
c. Identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms
d. The global search for emerging diseases
ANS: A
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines
principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting
recognizes income when earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS
allows deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment,
have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples
include the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from certain target groups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1
19. Which of the following can cause cell injury or death?
1. Hypoxia
2. Exposure to excessive cold
3. Excessive pressure on a tissue
4. Chemical toxins
a. 1, 2
b. 2, 4
, 4
c. 1, 3, 4
d. 1, 2, 3, 4
ANS: D
20. All of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health EXCEPT:
a. Follow cancer screening guidelines.
b. Use sun block agents whenever exposed.
c. Participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis.
d. Choose high fiber, lower fat foods.
ANS: C
21. The term disease refers to
a. the period of recovery and return to a normal healthy state.
b. a deviation from the normal state of health and function.
c. the treatment measures used to promote recovery.
d. a basic collection of signs and symptoms.
ANS: B
22. A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that
usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a(an)
a. acute disease.
b. multiorgan disorder.
c. syndrome.
d. manifestation.
ANS: C
23. All of the following statements are correct about cell damage EXCEPT:
a. The initial stage of cell damage often causes an alteration in metabolic reactions.
b. If the factor causing the damage is removed quickly, the cell may be able to
recover and return to its normal state.
c. If the noxious factor remains for an extended period of time, the damage becomes
irreversible and the cell dies.
d. Initially, cell damage does not change cell metabolism, structure, or function.
ANS: D
24. Which of the following conditions distinguishes double blind studies used in health research?
a. Neither the members of the control group or the experimental group nor the person
administering the treatment knows who is receiving the experimental therapy.
b. Both groups of research subjects and the person administering the treatment know who
is receiving the experimental therapy.
c. The research subjects do not know, but the person administering the treatment
knows who is receiving placebo or standard therapy.
d. Only members of the control group know they are receiving standard therapy.
ANS: A
25. If the data collected from the research process confirm that the new treatment has increased
effectiveness and is safe, this is called
a. the placebo effect.
b. evidence-based research.
c. blind research studies.
d. approval for immediate distribution.
ANS: B
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines
Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology
VanMeter and Hubert: Gould’s Pathophysiology for the Health Professions, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an
iatrogenic disease?
a. An inherited disorder
b. A combination of specific etiological factors
c. An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
d. Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment
ANS: C
2. The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the
a. subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness.
b. signs and symptoms of a disease.
c. factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness.
d. early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection.
ANS: B
3. The best definition of the term prognosis is the
a. precipitating factors causing an acute episode.
b. number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness.
c. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease.
d. exacerbations occurring during chronic illness.
ANS: C
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and
Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?
mathematics. These disciplines
e. Swelling of the knee
f. Fever
g. Pain in the neck
h. Red rash on the face
ANS: B
4. Etiology is defined as the study of the
a. causes of a disease.
b. course of a disease.
c. expected complications of a disease.
d. manifestations of a disease.
ANS: A
5. A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as
a. hypertrophy.
b. metaplasia.
c. anaplasia.
d. atrophy.
ANS: D
6. A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic
figures would be called
a. metaplasia.
, 2
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy.
ANS: C
7. A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called
a. apoptosis.
b. ischemia.
c. hypertrophy.
d. necrosis.
ANS: B
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics.
When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called
These disciplines
e. ischemia.
f. gangrene.
g. hypoxia.
h. necrosis.
ANS: D
8. Rigorous weightlifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells
undergoing
a. hypertrophy.
b. dysplasia.
c. atrophy.
d. regeneration.
ANS: A
9. The term cancer refers to
a. dysplasia.
b. hyperplasia.
c. metaplasia.
d. malignant neoplasm.
ANS: D
10. To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?
a. Increased rate of mitosis by certain cells
b. Ischemic damage to cells
c. Liquefaction of necrotic tissue
d. Preprogrammed cell self-destruction
ANS: D
11. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Alteration of DNA does not change cell function.
b. Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves.
c. All types of cells die at the same rate.
d. Mild ischemia causes immediate cell death.
ANS: B
12. Caseation necrosis refers to an area where
a. cell proteins have been denatured.
b. cells are liquefied by enzymes.
c. dead cells form a thick cheesy substance.
d. bacterial invasion has occurred.
ANS: C
, 3
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and
mathematics. These disciplines
13. Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of
a. an iatrogenic cause of cancer.
b. a preventive measure.
c. a precipitating factor.
d. a predisposing condition.
ANS: B
14. A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed
a. latent stage.
b. predisposing factor.
c. incidence.
d. precipitating factor.
ANS: D
15. The term homeostasis refers to
a. the causative factors in a particular disease.
b. maintenance of a stable internal environment.
c. a condition that triggers an acute episode.
d. a collection of signs and symptoms.
ANS: B
16. Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the
original disease has been established?
a. Symptoms
b. Occurrence
c. Manifestations
d. Complication
ANS: D
17. Pathophysiology involves the study of
a. the structure of the human body.
b. the functions of various organs in the body.
c. functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes.
d. various cell structures and related functions.
ANS: C
18. Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology?
a. The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases
b. The relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
c. Identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms
d. The global search for emerging diseases
ANS: A
.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines
principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expenses when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting
recognizes income when earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary Expenses**: - The IRS
allows deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment,
have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples
include the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from certain target groups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1
19. Which of the following can cause cell injury or death?
1. Hypoxia
2. Exposure to excessive cold
3. Excessive pressure on a tissue
4. Chemical toxins
a. 1, 2
b. 2, 4
, 4
c. 1, 3, 4
d. 1, 2, 3, 4
ANS: D
20. All of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health EXCEPT:
a. Follow cancer screening guidelines.
b. Use sun block agents whenever exposed.
c. Participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis.
d. Choose high fiber, lower fat foods.
ANS: C
21. The term disease refers to
a. the period of recovery and return to a normal healthy state.
b. a deviation from the normal state of health and function.
c. the treatment measures used to promote recovery.
d. a basic collection of signs and symptoms.
ANS: B
22. A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that
usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a(an)
a. acute disease.
b. multiorgan disorder.
c. syndrome.
d. manifestation.
ANS: C
23. All of the following statements are correct about cell damage EXCEPT:
a. The initial stage of cell damage often causes an alteration in metabolic reactions.
b. If the factor causing the damage is removed quickly, the cell may be able to
recover and return to its normal state.
c. If the noxious factor remains for an extended period of time, the damage becomes
irreversible and the cell dies.
d. Initially, cell damage does not change cell metabolism, structure, or function.
ANS: D
24. Which of the following conditions distinguishes double blind studies used in health research?
a. Neither the members of the control group or the experimental group nor the person
administering the treatment knows who is receiving the experimental therapy.
b. Both groups of research subjects and the person administering the treatment know who
is receiving the experimental therapy.
c. The research subjects do not know, but the person administering the treatment
knows who is receiving placebo or standard therapy.
d. Only members of the control group know they are receiving standard therapy.
ANS: A
25. If the data collected from the research process confirm that the new treatment has increased
effectiveness and is safe, this is called
a. the placebo effect.
b. evidence-based research.
c. blind research studies.
d. approval for immediate distribution.
ANS: B
