NUR 2300 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers
RBC expected reference range females 4.2-5.4 million/uL
RBC expected reference range males 4.7-6.1 million /uL
-elevated level: erythrocytosis, polycythemia vera, severe dehydration
RBC interpretation of findings
-decreased level: anemia, hemorrhage, kidney disease
WBC expected reference range 5,000-10,000/mm3
-elevated level: infection, inflammation
WBC interpretation of findings
-decreased level: immunosuppression, autoimmune disease
-size of RBCs:
• normocytic: normal size
MCV (mean corpuscular volume)
• microcytic:small cells
• macrolytic: large cells
MCV expected reference range 80 to 95 fL
-determine the amount of Hgb per RBC
MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) • normochromic: normal amount of Hgb per cell
• hypochromic: decreased Hgb per cell
-elevated level: macrocytic (large) RBCs, megaloblastic anemia
MCV and MCH interpretation of findings
-decreased level: microcytic (small) RBCs, iron deficiency anemia
MCH expected reference range 27 to 31 pg/cell
MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin indicates Hgb amount relative to the size of the cell
concentration)
-total iron binding capacity (TIBC) reflects an indirect measurement of serum
transferrin, a protein that binds with iron and transports it for storage
iron studies
-ferritin is an indicator of total iron stores in the body
-low blood iron levels and elevated TIBC indicate iron-deficiency anemia
TIBC expected reference range 250 to 460 mcg/dL
-elevated level: iron deficiency anemia, polycythemia vera
TIBC interpretation of findings
-decreased level: malnutrition, cirrhosis, pernicious anemia
, iron expected reference range females 60 to 160 mcg/dL
iron expected reference range males 80 to 180 mcg/dL
-elevated level: hemochromatosis, iron excess, liver disorder, or lead toxicity
iron interpretation of findings
-decreased level: enlarged spleen, hemorrhage, leukemia
platelets expected reference range 150,000-400,000/mm3
-increased level: malignancy, polycythemia vera, rheumatoid arthritis
platelets interpretation of findings
-decreased level:enlarged spleen, hemorrhage, leukemia
Hgb expected reference range females 12 to 16 g/dL
Hgb expected reference range males 14 to 18 g/dL
Hct expected reference range females 37% to 47%
Hct expected reference range males 42% to 52%
-elevated level: erythrocytosis, COPD, severe dehydration
Hgb and Hct interpretation of findings
-decreased level: anemia, hemorrhage, kidney disease
aPTT expected reference range 30 to 40 seconds
-increased time: vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver
aPTT interpretation of findings disease, heparin administration
-decreased time: aggressive cancer
PT expected reference range 11-12.5 seconds, or 85%-100%
-increased time: clotting factors ll, V, Vll, or X, liver disease, warfarin therapy,
PT interpretation of findings disseminated intravascular coagulation
-decreased time: vitamin K excess, pulmonary embolus, thrombophlebitis
INR expected reference range 0.8-1.1 (desired goal of 2 to 3 on warfarin therapy)
-elevated level: warfarin therapy
INR interpretation of findings
-decreased level:cancer disorders
D-dimer expected reference range less than 0.4 mcg/mL
-positive result: disseminated intravascular coagulation, malignancy
D-dimer interpretation of findings
-negative result: can rule out pulmonary embolus or DVT
fibrinogen levels expected reference range 200 to 400 mg/dL
-elevated level: acute inflammation, acute infection, heart disease
fibrinogen interpretation of findings
-decreased levels: liver disease, advanced cancer, malnutrition
fibrinogen degradation products expected less than 10 mcg/mL
reference range
-elevated level: disseminated intravascular coagulation, massive trauma resulting in
fibrinogen degradation products
fibrinolysis
interpretation of findings
-decreased level: anticoagulation therapy
results from atherosclerosis that usually occurs in the arteries of the lower extremities
peripheral arterial disease
and is characterized by inadequate blood flow
-caused by gradual thickening of the intimacy and media of the arteries, ultimately
atherosclerosis resulting in the progressive narrowing of the vessel lumen
-hardening of the arteries
-Buerger's Disease
examples of PAD
-Raynaud's Disease
RBC expected reference range females 4.2-5.4 million/uL
RBC expected reference range males 4.7-6.1 million /uL
-elevated level: erythrocytosis, polycythemia vera, severe dehydration
RBC interpretation of findings
-decreased level: anemia, hemorrhage, kidney disease
WBC expected reference range 5,000-10,000/mm3
-elevated level: infection, inflammation
WBC interpretation of findings
-decreased level: immunosuppression, autoimmune disease
-size of RBCs:
• normocytic: normal size
MCV (mean corpuscular volume)
• microcytic:small cells
• macrolytic: large cells
MCV expected reference range 80 to 95 fL
-determine the amount of Hgb per RBC
MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) • normochromic: normal amount of Hgb per cell
• hypochromic: decreased Hgb per cell
-elevated level: macrocytic (large) RBCs, megaloblastic anemia
MCV and MCH interpretation of findings
-decreased level: microcytic (small) RBCs, iron deficiency anemia
MCH expected reference range 27 to 31 pg/cell
MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin indicates Hgb amount relative to the size of the cell
concentration)
-total iron binding capacity (TIBC) reflects an indirect measurement of serum
transferrin, a protein that binds with iron and transports it for storage
iron studies
-ferritin is an indicator of total iron stores in the body
-low blood iron levels and elevated TIBC indicate iron-deficiency anemia
TIBC expected reference range 250 to 460 mcg/dL
-elevated level: iron deficiency anemia, polycythemia vera
TIBC interpretation of findings
-decreased level: malnutrition, cirrhosis, pernicious anemia
, iron expected reference range females 60 to 160 mcg/dL
iron expected reference range males 80 to 180 mcg/dL
-elevated level: hemochromatosis, iron excess, liver disorder, or lead toxicity
iron interpretation of findings
-decreased level: enlarged spleen, hemorrhage, leukemia
platelets expected reference range 150,000-400,000/mm3
-increased level: malignancy, polycythemia vera, rheumatoid arthritis
platelets interpretation of findings
-decreased level:enlarged spleen, hemorrhage, leukemia
Hgb expected reference range females 12 to 16 g/dL
Hgb expected reference range males 14 to 18 g/dL
Hct expected reference range females 37% to 47%
Hct expected reference range males 42% to 52%
-elevated level: erythrocytosis, COPD, severe dehydration
Hgb and Hct interpretation of findings
-decreased level: anemia, hemorrhage, kidney disease
aPTT expected reference range 30 to 40 seconds
-increased time: vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver
aPTT interpretation of findings disease, heparin administration
-decreased time: aggressive cancer
PT expected reference range 11-12.5 seconds, or 85%-100%
-increased time: clotting factors ll, V, Vll, or X, liver disease, warfarin therapy,
PT interpretation of findings disseminated intravascular coagulation
-decreased time: vitamin K excess, pulmonary embolus, thrombophlebitis
INR expected reference range 0.8-1.1 (desired goal of 2 to 3 on warfarin therapy)
-elevated level: warfarin therapy
INR interpretation of findings
-decreased level:cancer disorders
D-dimer expected reference range less than 0.4 mcg/mL
-positive result: disseminated intravascular coagulation, malignancy
D-dimer interpretation of findings
-negative result: can rule out pulmonary embolus or DVT
fibrinogen levels expected reference range 200 to 400 mg/dL
-elevated level: acute inflammation, acute infection, heart disease
fibrinogen interpretation of findings
-decreased levels: liver disease, advanced cancer, malnutrition
fibrinogen degradation products expected less than 10 mcg/mL
reference range
-elevated level: disseminated intravascular coagulation, massive trauma resulting in
fibrinogen degradation products
fibrinolysis
interpretation of findings
-decreased level: anticoagulation therapy
results from atherosclerosis that usually occurs in the arteries of the lower extremities
peripheral arterial disease
and is characterized by inadequate blood flow
-caused by gradual thickening of the intimacy and media of the arteries, ultimately
atherosclerosis resulting in the progressive narrowing of the vessel lumen
-hardening of the arteries
-Buerger's Disease
examples of PAD
-Raynaud's Disease
