MCB4271 2 NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM LATEST UPDATE WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/ VERIFIED/GRADED
A+/
____________ ________ ___________ accelerates bacteria to acquire
resistance and lead to life-threatening infections.
High selective pressure
Intrinsic resistance:
- Nat'ly occuring resistance to antibiotics
- The outer memb of G(-) bact makes them more resistant to
more antibiotics than G(+)
- Bact that nat'ly produce antibiotics have an intrinsic ability to
defend themselves
Acquired resistance:
- Genetic mutations
- Acquisition of mobile elements carrying antibiotic resistant
genes
- Poses highest risk
WHO antibiotic classification Criterion 1 (C1)
Page 1 of 53
,The antimicrobial class is the sole, or one of limited available
therapies, to treat serious bacterial infections in people
WHO antibiotic classification Criterion 2 (C2)
The antimicrobial class is used to treat infection in people
cause by either:
- bacteria that may be transmitted to humans from nonhuman
sources OR
- bacteria that may acquire resistance genes from nonhuman
sources
Critically important:
Antimicrobial classes which meet both C1 and C2 are termed
critically important for human medicine.
Highly important:
Antimicrobial classes which meet either C1 or C2 are termed
highly important for human medicine.
Important:
Antimicrobial classes used in humans which meet neither C1
nor C2 are termed important for human medicine.
Page 2 of 53
,WHO antibiotic prioritization: P1
High absolute number of people, or high proportion of use in
patients with serious infections in health care settings affected
by bacterial diseases for which the antimicrobial class is the
sole or one of few alternatives to treat serious infection in
humans
Clinical resistance
Multiple factors such as type of bacteria, infection site,
antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and the immune response
affecting clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment.
Minimun inhibitory concentration (MIC)
A minimum concentration of an antibiotic required to
completely inhibit bacterial growth.
Clinical Resistance: Non-toxic drug concentration
The most effective treatment of bacterial infections is when
the antibiotic MIC is non-toxic to humans.
Clinical Resistance: Toxic drug concentration
Page 3 of 53
, Administration of toxic concentration of drugs into patients are
made on individual basis and the benefits of the treatment
must outweigh the risk.
The clinical ecosystem has a _____ selection pressure
a. High
b. Medium
c. Low
A
Environmental ecosystem has a _____ selection pressure
a. High
b. Medium
c. Low
C
The non-clinical ecosystem has a _______ selection pressure
a. High
b. Medium
Page 4 of 53
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/ VERIFIED/GRADED
A+/
____________ ________ ___________ accelerates bacteria to acquire
resistance and lead to life-threatening infections.
High selective pressure
Intrinsic resistance:
- Nat'ly occuring resistance to antibiotics
- The outer memb of G(-) bact makes them more resistant to
more antibiotics than G(+)
- Bact that nat'ly produce antibiotics have an intrinsic ability to
defend themselves
Acquired resistance:
- Genetic mutations
- Acquisition of mobile elements carrying antibiotic resistant
genes
- Poses highest risk
WHO antibiotic classification Criterion 1 (C1)
Page 1 of 53
,The antimicrobial class is the sole, or one of limited available
therapies, to treat serious bacterial infections in people
WHO antibiotic classification Criterion 2 (C2)
The antimicrobial class is used to treat infection in people
cause by either:
- bacteria that may be transmitted to humans from nonhuman
sources OR
- bacteria that may acquire resistance genes from nonhuman
sources
Critically important:
Antimicrobial classes which meet both C1 and C2 are termed
critically important for human medicine.
Highly important:
Antimicrobial classes which meet either C1 or C2 are termed
highly important for human medicine.
Important:
Antimicrobial classes used in humans which meet neither C1
nor C2 are termed important for human medicine.
Page 2 of 53
,WHO antibiotic prioritization: P1
High absolute number of people, or high proportion of use in
patients with serious infections in health care settings affected
by bacterial diseases for which the antimicrobial class is the
sole or one of few alternatives to treat serious infection in
humans
Clinical resistance
Multiple factors such as type of bacteria, infection site,
antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and the immune response
affecting clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment.
Minimun inhibitory concentration (MIC)
A minimum concentration of an antibiotic required to
completely inhibit bacterial growth.
Clinical Resistance: Non-toxic drug concentration
The most effective treatment of bacterial infections is when
the antibiotic MIC is non-toxic to humans.
Clinical Resistance: Toxic drug concentration
Page 3 of 53
, Administration of toxic concentration of drugs into patients are
made on individual basis and the benefits of the treatment
must outweigh the risk.
The clinical ecosystem has a _____ selection pressure
a. High
b. Medium
c. Low
A
Environmental ecosystem has a _____ selection pressure
a. High
b. Medium
c. Low
C
The non-clinical ecosystem has a _______ selection pressure
a. High
b. Medium
Page 4 of 53
