NSG5544 | Questions and Answers | Fall 2026/2027 Update | 100%
Correct | pass!!! Graded a+
Cigarette smoking health problems - answer-Conditions such as COPD, lung cancer,
and depression that arise from smoking.
Tuberculosis (TB) - answer-An illness of the lungs usually caused by bacteria, which
can be latent or primary.
Induration of greater than 15 mm - answer-A positive skin test result indicating possible
TB infection.
Hypertension (HTN) - answer-A chronic medical condition characterized by a systolic
blood pressure of 130 mm Hg or more and/or diastolic blood pressure of more than 80
mm Hg.
Myocardial infarction - answer-A significant comorbidity contributing to the development
of stroke.
Heart failure - answer-A significant comorbidity contributing to the development of
stroke.
Renal failure - answer-A significant comorbidity contributing to the development of
stroke.
Primary hypertension - answer-Represents between 85% and 95% of human cases
and has an unidentified cause.
Secondary hypertension - answer-Caused by identifiable underlying conditions,
including renal artery stenosis, pheochromocytoma, adrenal adenoma, or single-gene
mutations.
Genetics - answer-Single gene mutations can cause monogenic forms of hypertension,
but most cases are multifactorial.
Stage 1 hypertension - answer-Defined as 130-139 mm Hg SBP or 80-89 mm Hg DBP.
Stage 2 hypertension - answer-Defined as ≥ 140 mm Hg SBP or ≥ 90 mm Hg DBP.
Hypertensive crisis - answer-Defined as higher than 180 systolic pressure OR higher
than 120 diastolic pressure.
Left ventricular hypertrophy - answer-A condition identified through a 12 lead ECG.
Retinopathy - answer-A condition identified through fundoscopy.
,Hyperlipidemia - answer-Genetic or acquired disorders that describe elevated lipid
levels within the body.
LDL - answer-Low-density lipoprotein levels more significant than the 90th percentile in
comparison to the general population.
HDL - answer-High-density lipoprotein level less than the 10th percentile when
compared to the general population.
Primary hyperlipidemia - answer-Familial hyperlipidemia.
Secondary hyperlipidemia - answer-Acquired hyperlipidemia.
Bruits - answer-Abnormal sounds heard during a physical exam indicating blood flow
issues.
Edema - answer-Swelling in the legs and ankles due to fluid retention.
Dark-colored urine - answer-A physical exam finding associated with kidney issues.
Rebound hypertension - answer-A sharp increase in blood pressure that can occur
after suddenly stopping certain medications, such as beta-blockers.
Ankle-brachial pressure index - answer-A test used to diagnose peripheral arterial
disease.
ESR - answer-Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a blood test that can indicate
inflammation.
Creatinine - answer-A blood test used to assess kidney function.
Electrolytes - answer-Minerals in the blood that are measured to assess various bodily
functions.
HbA1c - answer-A blood test that indicates average blood sugar levels over the past 2-
3 months.
Thyroid profile - answer-A series of blood tests that assess thyroid function.
Primary hyperlipidemia - answer-Derives from many genetic disorders that a patient
may inherit through birth.
Secondary hyperlipidemia - answer-Typically originates from an alternate underlying
etiology, such as an unhealthy diet, medications (amiodarone, glucocorticoids),
hypothyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes, and/or a poor lifestyle regimen.
Risk factors for hyperlipidemia - answer-Age, family history, gender (higher in men),
ethnicity, diet (high saturated fats and trans fats), lack of physical activity, smoking,
excessive alcohol use, stress.
Clinical presentation of hyperlipidemia - answer-Most often asymptomatic.
Xanthomas - answer-Due to fat build-up.
Lipid profile screening - answer-Requires a 10-12 hours overnight fast for all adults
over 40.
Total cholesterol level - answer-Greater than 200 is considered high.
Type 2 Diabetes - answer-Associated with higher LDL and lower HDL.
Treatment for hyperlipidemia - answer-Includes a low fat and low carb diet, moderate to
high-intensity physical activity, quitting smoking, lowering blood pressure, and losing
weight.
Pravastatin dosage - answer-40 mg.
Lovastatin dosage - answer-20 to 40 mg.
Atorvastatin dosage - answer-10 mg.
Rosuvastatin dosage - answer-10 mg.
, Myocardial Infarction - answer-Decreased coronary blood flow, leading to insufficient
oxygen supply to the heart and cardiac ischemia.
Risk factors for Myocardial Infarction - answer-Sex (male), age (older adult), family
history, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, sedentary
lifestyle, poor oral hygiene, presence of peripheral vascular disease, elevated levels of
homocysteine, trauma, vasculitis, drug use (cocaine), coronary artery anomalies,
coronary artery emboli, aortic dissection, excess demand on heart (hyperthyroidism,
anemia), stress, excessive alcohol use.
Clinical presentation of Myocardial Infarction - answer-Chest pain (pressure,
squeezing, radiates to the jaw, left arm, shoulder, back), shortness of breath, nausea
and vomiting, diaphoresis, dizziness, fatigue, heart palpitations, feeling of impending
doom, abdominal pain.
Physical exam findings in Myocardial Infarction - answer-Tachycardia, atrial fibrillation,
ventricular arrhythmia, unequal pulses, typically high blood pressure, may become
hypotensive, tachypnea, wheezing, rales, pulmonary edema, distended neck veins,
lateral displacement of the apical impulse, soft S1 sound, palpable S4 sound.
ECG findings in Myocardial Infarction - answer-ST-segment elevation and T-wave
inversion.
Blood work in Myocardial Infarction - answer-Cardiac enzymes (elevated troponin and
CK-MB), CRP (elevated).
Cardiac angiography - answer-Used to identify blockage in coronary arteries.
Appropriate treatment for Myocardial Infarction - answer-Includes IV access, oxygen,
mechanical reperfusion therapy (cardiac cath and stent), and percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty.
Non-enteric-coated, chewable aspirin - answer-Loading dose of 162 mg to 325 mg
(Mechanic et al., 2023).
Thrombolytic Therapy - answer-A treatment that dissolves blood clots.
Morphine - answer-A medication used to relieve severe pain.
Statins - answer-Medications used to lower cholesterol levels.
Adenosine Diphosphate - answer-A substance that plays a role in blood clotting.
Cardiology Follow-up - answer-1 week after discharge unless instructed otherwise, q 3-
6 months after.
Routine preventative health - answer-Regular health check-ups with a primary care
provider (PCP).
Cardiac rehab - answer-A program designed to improve cardiovascular health as
needed.
Nitroglycerin - answer-Medication used to relieve chest pain.
Low-salt diet - answer-A dietary approach to reduce sodium intake for heart health.
Smoking cessation - answer-The process of quitting smoking.
Medication adherence - answer-Following prescribed medication regimens
consistently.
Atherosclerosis - answer-Most heart attacks result from this condition (LeWine, 2023a).
Acute Coronary Syndrome - answer-Group of diseases in which blood flow to the heart
decreases or stops (Singh et al., 2023).
Correct | pass!!! Graded a+
Cigarette smoking health problems - answer-Conditions such as COPD, lung cancer,
and depression that arise from smoking.
Tuberculosis (TB) - answer-An illness of the lungs usually caused by bacteria, which
can be latent or primary.
Induration of greater than 15 mm - answer-A positive skin test result indicating possible
TB infection.
Hypertension (HTN) - answer-A chronic medical condition characterized by a systolic
blood pressure of 130 mm Hg or more and/or diastolic blood pressure of more than 80
mm Hg.
Myocardial infarction - answer-A significant comorbidity contributing to the development
of stroke.
Heart failure - answer-A significant comorbidity contributing to the development of
stroke.
Renal failure - answer-A significant comorbidity contributing to the development of
stroke.
Primary hypertension - answer-Represents between 85% and 95% of human cases
and has an unidentified cause.
Secondary hypertension - answer-Caused by identifiable underlying conditions,
including renal artery stenosis, pheochromocytoma, adrenal adenoma, or single-gene
mutations.
Genetics - answer-Single gene mutations can cause monogenic forms of hypertension,
but most cases are multifactorial.
Stage 1 hypertension - answer-Defined as 130-139 mm Hg SBP or 80-89 mm Hg DBP.
Stage 2 hypertension - answer-Defined as ≥ 140 mm Hg SBP or ≥ 90 mm Hg DBP.
Hypertensive crisis - answer-Defined as higher than 180 systolic pressure OR higher
than 120 diastolic pressure.
Left ventricular hypertrophy - answer-A condition identified through a 12 lead ECG.
Retinopathy - answer-A condition identified through fundoscopy.
,Hyperlipidemia - answer-Genetic or acquired disorders that describe elevated lipid
levels within the body.
LDL - answer-Low-density lipoprotein levels more significant than the 90th percentile in
comparison to the general population.
HDL - answer-High-density lipoprotein level less than the 10th percentile when
compared to the general population.
Primary hyperlipidemia - answer-Familial hyperlipidemia.
Secondary hyperlipidemia - answer-Acquired hyperlipidemia.
Bruits - answer-Abnormal sounds heard during a physical exam indicating blood flow
issues.
Edema - answer-Swelling in the legs and ankles due to fluid retention.
Dark-colored urine - answer-A physical exam finding associated with kidney issues.
Rebound hypertension - answer-A sharp increase in blood pressure that can occur
after suddenly stopping certain medications, such as beta-blockers.
Ankle-brachial pressure index - answer-A test used to diagnose peripheral arterial
disease.
ESR - answer-Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a blood test that can indicate
inflammation.
Creatinine - answer-A blood test used to assess kidney function.
Electrolytes - answer-Minerals in the blood that are measured to assess various bodily
functions.
HbA1c - answer-A blood test that indicates average blood sugar levels over the past 2-
3 months.
Thyroid profile - answer-A series of blood tests that assess thyroid function.
Primary hyperlipidemia - answer-Derives from many genetic disorders that a patient
may inherit through birth.
Secondary hyperlipidemia - answer-Typically originates from an alternate underlying
etiology, such as an unhealthy diet, medications (amiodarone, glucocorticoids),
hypothyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes, and/or a poor lifestyle regimen.
Risk factors for hyperlipidemia - answer-Age, family history, gender (higher in men),
ethnicity, diet (high saturated fats and trans fats), lack of physical activity, smoking,
excessive alcohol use, stress.
Clinical presentation of hyperlipidemia - answer-Most often asymptomatic.
Xanthomas - answer-Due to fat build-up.
Lipid profile screening - answer-Requires a 10-12 hours overnight fast for all adults
over 40.
Total cholesterol level - answer-Greater than 200 is considered high.
Type 2 Diabetes - answer-Associated with higher LDL and lower HDL.
Treatment for hyperlipidemia - answer-Includes a low fat and low carb diet, moderate to
high-intensity physical activity, quitting smoking, lowering blood pressure, and losing
weight.
Pravastatin dosage - answer-40 mg.
Lovastatin dosage - answer-20 to 40 mg.
Atorvastatin dosage - answer-10 mg.
Rosuvastatin dosage - answer-10 mg.
, Myocardial Infarction - answer-Decreased coronary blood flow, leading to insufficient
oxygen supply to the heart and cardiac ischemia.
Risk factors for Myocardial Infarction - answer-Sex (male), age (older adult), family
history, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, sedentary
lifestyle, poor oral hygiene, presence of peripheral vascular disease, elevated levels of
homocysteine, trauma, vasculitis, drug use (cocaine), coronary artery anomalies,
coronary artery emboli, aortic dissection, excess demand on heart (hyperthyroidism,
anemia), stress, excessive alcohol use.
Clinical presentation of Myocardial Infarction - answer-Chest pain (pressure,
squeezing, radiates to the jaw, left arm, shoulder, back), shortness of breath, nausea
and vomiting, diaphoresis, dizziness, fatigue, heart palpitations, feeling of impending
doom, abdominal pain.
Physical exam findings in Myocardial Infarction - answer-Tachycardia, atrial fibrillation,
ventricular arrhythmia, unequal pulses, typically high blood pressure, may become
hypotensive, tachypnea, wheezing, rales, pulmonary edema, distended neck veins,
lateral displacement of the apical impulse, soft S1 sound, palpable S4 sound.
ECG findings in Myocardial Infarction - answer-ST-segment elevation and T-wave
inversion.
Blood work in Myocardial Infarction - answer-Cardiac enzymes (elevated troponin and
CK-MB), CRP (elevated).
Cardiac angiography - answer-Used to identify blockage in coronary arteries.
Appropriate treatment for Myocardial Infarction - answer-Includes IV access, oxygen,
mechanical reperfusion therapy (cardiac cath and stent), and percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty.
Non-enteric-coated, chewable aspirin - answer-Loading dose of 162 mg to 325 mg
(Mechanic et al., 2023).
Thrombolytic Therapy - answer-A treatment that dissolves blood clots.
Morphine - answer-A medication used to relieve severe pain.
Statins - answer-Medications used to lower cholesterol levels.
Adenosine Diphosphate - answer-A substance that plays a role in blood clotting.
Cardiology Follow-up - answer-1 week after discharge unless instructed otherwise, q 3-
6 months after.
Routine preventative health - answer-Regular health check-ups with a primary care
provider (PCP).
Cardiac rehab - answer-A program designed to improve cardiovascular health as
needed.
Nitroglycerin - answer-Medication used to relieve chest pain.
Low-salt diet - answer-A dietary approach to reduce sodium intake for heart health.
Smoking cessation - answer-The process of quitting smoking.
Medication adherence - answer-Following prescribed medication regimens
consistently.
Atherosclerosis - answer-Most heart attacks result from this condition (LeWine, 2023a).
Acute Coronary Syndrome - answer-Group of diseases in which blood flow to the heart
decreases or stops (Singh et al., 2023).
