NUR 1172 Nutritional Principles Exam 2 STUDY GUIDE

Chapter 1: • Government agencies - The United States Department of Health and Human Services was introduced to establish scientific-based, national objectives for promoting health. It includes many nutrition-related goals pertaining to dietary intake, maternal, and child health, and management of chronic disease. - The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) is a cabinet-level agency that oversees the American farming industry. Their duties range from helping farmers with price support subsides to inspecting food to ensure the safety of the American public. The USDA also sets about our dietary guidelines, such as the DRIs. - The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficiency, and security of human/veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, national food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. This department regulates food safety and labels, and also helps to educate the public of nutrition. • Guides - The USDA issued its first food guide in 1940s, and food guides evolved over time into various formats and shapes. The Food Guide Pyramid, modified to MyPyramid, was the graphic used to encourage healthy eating. The relative amount of food to be eaten from each food group was expressed by the width of that section of the pyramid. - MyPlate illustrates the five major food groups using a familiar mealtime visual – a place setting. The general themes of MyPlate are (1) eat small portions, and (2) choose lower calorie, nutrient-dense foods. • Evidence based practice (EBP) - EBP is the use of current research and findings that has been backed up by scientific evidence to make appropriate decisions. EBP guides are decisions in the nursing field. Includes 3 steps, identify the evidence, review the evidence, and implement the findings. • Function of nutrients - Nutrition means to nourish and encompasses the food people eat and how it enriches their lives physically, socially, and personally. Nutrients have three general functions: to provide energy, to build and repair body tissues and structures, and to regulate metabolic processes that maintain homeostasis. Chapter 6: • What are vitamins? Vitamins are complex molecules that are needed in very minute amounts, but are essential to certain tissues. To be classified as a vitamin, a compound has to meet several criteria: - It must be an organic dietary substance that is not energy producing. - It is needed in very small quantities to perform particular metabolic functions and prevent an identified deficiency disease. - It cannot be synthesized by the body, so it must be supplied in food. • Water – soluble vitamins – The water soluble vitamins are vitamin C and the B- complex family. These vitamins are easily absorbed and transported, but unlike the fat-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored except in the general sense of tissue saturation. The B vitamins function mainly as coenzyme factors in cell metabolism, while Vitamin C works with enzymes that support tissue building and maintenance. 1. The discovery of Vitamin C is associated with the ancient hemorrhagic disease scurvy. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant and also functions to build and maintain many body tissues including matrix, cartilage, dentin, and collagen. Vitamin C is also found in greater amounts in metabolically active tissues such as the adrenal and pituitary glands, brain, eyes, and WBCs. Clinical Applications include wound healing, infection and fever, growth, and stress and body response. The best know sources of Vitamin