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Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care 6th Edition by Dains
Chapter 1- 42
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines essay, we will explore
the nature of exams in business
Chapter 1: Clinical reasoning, differential diagnosis, evidence-based practice, and symptom ana
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Which type of clinical decision-making is most reliable?
A. Intuitive
B. Analytica
l
C. Experient
ial
D. Augenbli
ck
2. Which of the following is false? To obtain adequate history, health-care providers must be:
A. Methodical and systematic
B. Attentive to the patient’s verbal and
nonverbal language
C. Able to accurately interpret the patient’s
responses
D. Adept at reading into the patient’s
statements
3. Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except:
A. Chief complaint
B. History of the present illness
C. Current vital signs
D. All of the above are essential history
components
4. Which of the following is false? While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able
to:
A. Differentiate between normal and abnormal findings
B. Recall knowledge of a range of conditions and their associated
signs and symptoms
C. Recognize how certain conditions affect the response to other
conditions
D. Foresee unpredictable findings
5. The following is the least reliable source of information for diagnostic statistics:
A. Evidence-based investigations
B. Primary reports of research
C. Estimation based on a provider’s
experience
, D. Published meta-analyses
6. The following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision-making:
A. Algorithm published in a peer-reviewed
journal article
B. Clinical practice guidelines
C. Evidence-based research
D. All of the above
7. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates a:
A. High percentage of persons with the given condition will
have an abnormal result
B. Low percentage of persons with the given condition will have
an abnormal result
C. Low likelihood of normal result in persons without a given
condition
D. None of the above
8. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates a:
A. Low percentage of healthy individuals will show a
normal result
B. High percentage of healthy individuals will show a
normal result
C. High percentage of individuals with a disorder will show
a normal result
D. Low percentage of individuals with a disorder will show
an abnormal result
9. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
A. Positive result is strongly associated with the
disease
B. Negative result is strongly associated with
absence of the disease
C. Positive result is weakly associated with the
disease
D. Negative result is weakly associated with
absence of the disease
10. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as evidence-based resource
based on mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition in select situations,
settings, and/or patients?
A. Clinical practice
guideline
B. Clinical decision
rule
C. Clinical algorithm
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines this
essay, we will explore the nature of exams in business
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B
,Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision-making: intuitive
and analytical. Intuitive decision- making (similar to Augenblink decision-making) is based on
the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and paired with fairly common
errors. In contrast, analytical decision-making is based on careful consideration and has greater
reliability with rare errors.
PTS: 1
2. ANS: D
To obtain adequate history, providers must be well organized, attentive to the patient’s verbal
and nonverbal language, and able to accurately interpret the patient’s responses to questions.
Rather than reading into the patient’s statements, they clarify any areas of uncertainty.
PTS: 1
3. ANS: C
Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of the health history.
PTS: 1
4. ANS: D
While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able to differentiate between
normal and abnormal findings, recall knowledge of a range of conditions, including their
associated signs and symptoms, recognize how certain conditions affect the response to other
conditions, and distinguish the relevance of varied abnormal findings.
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics.
These disciplines -specific knowledge. In this essay, we will explore the nature of exams in business
PTS: 1
5. ANS: C
Sources for diagnostic statistics include textbooks, primary reports of research, and published
meta-analyses. Another source of statistics, the one that has been most widely used and
available for application to the reasoning process, is the estimation based on a provider’s
experience, although these are rarely accurate. Over the past decade, the availability of evidence
on which to base clinical reasoning is improving, and there is an increasing expectation that
clinical reasoning be based on scientific evidence.
Evidence-based statistics are also increasingly being used to develop resources to facilitate clinical decision-
making.
PTS: 1
6. ANS: D
To assist in clinical decision-making, a number of evidence-based resources have been
developed to assist the clinician. Resources, such as algorithms and clinical practice guidelines,
assist in clinical reasoning when properly applied.
PTS: 1
7. ANS: A
The sensitivity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of individuals with the target condition
who show an abnormal, or positive, result. A high sensitivity indicates that a greater percentage
of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result.
PTS: 1
8. ANS: B
The specificity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of normal, healthy individuals who have a
normal result. The greater the specificity, the greater the percentage of individuals who will
have negative, or normal, results if they do not have the target condition.
PTS: 1
9. ANS: A
, The likelihood ratio is the probability that a positive test result will be associated with a person
who has the target condition and a negative result will be associated with a healthy person. A
likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a positive result is associated with the disease; a
likelihood ratio less than 1 indicates that a negative result is associated with an absence of the
disease.
PTS: 1
10. ANS: B
Clinical decision (or prediction) rules provide another support for clinical reasoning. Clinical
decision rules are evidence-based resources that provide probabilistic statements regarding the
likelihood that a condition exists if certain variables are met with regard to the prognosis of
patients with specific findings. Decision rules use mathematical models and are specific to
certain situations, settings, and/or patient characteristics.
PTS: 1
Chapter 2. Evidence-based health screening
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines explore the nature of exams in
business
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. The first step in the genomic assessment of a patient is obtaining information regarding:
A. Family history
B. Environmental
exposures
C. Lifestyle and
behaviors
D. Current
medications
2. An affected individual who manifests symptoms of a particular condition through
whom a family with a genetic disorder is ascertained is called a(n):
A. Consultan
d
B. Consulba
nd
C. Index
patient
D. Proband
3. An autosomal dominant disorder involves the:
A. X chromosome
B. Y chromosome
C. Mitochondrial
DNA
D. Non-sex
chromosomes
4. To illustrate a union between two second cousin family members in a pedigree, draw:
A. Arrows pointing to the male and female
B. Brackets around the male and female
C. Double horizontal lines between the
male and female
Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care 6th Edition by Dains
Chapter 1- 42
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines essay, we will explore
the nature of exams in business
Chapter 1: Clinical reasoning, differential diagnosis, evidence-based practice, and symptom ana
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Which type of clinical decision-making is most reliable?
A. Intuitive
B. Analytica
l
C. Experient
ial
D. Augenbli
ck
2. Which of the following is false? To obtain adequate history, health-care providers must be:
A. Methodical and systematic
B. Attentive to the patient’s verbal and
nonverbal language
C. Able to accurately interpret the patient’s
responses
D. Adept at reading into the patient’s
statements
3. Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except:
A. Chief complaint
B. History of the present illness
C. Current vital signs
D. All of the above are essential history
components
4. Which of the following is false? While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able
to:
A. Differentiate between normal and abnormal findings
B. Recall knowledge of a range of conditions and their associated
signs and symptoms
C. Recognize how certain conditions affect the response to other
conditions
D. Foresee unpredictable findings
5. The following is the least reliable source of information for diagnostic statistics:
A. Evidence-based investigations
B. Primary reports of research
C. Estimation based on a provider’s
experience
, D. Published meta-analyses
6. The following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision-making:
A. Algorithm published in a peer-reviewed
journal article
B. Clinical practice guidelines
C. Evidence-based research
D. All of the above
7. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates a:
A. High percentage of persons with the given condition will
have an abnormal result
B. Low percentage of persons with the given condition will have
an abnormal result
C. Low likelihood of normal result in persons without a given
condition
D. None of the above
8. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates a:
A. Low percentage of healthy individuals will show a
normal result
B. High percentage of healthy individuals will show a
normal result
C. High percentage of individuals with a disorder will show
a normal result
D. Low percentage of individuals with a disorder will show
an abnormal result
9. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
A. Positive result is strongly associated with the
disease
B. Negative result is strongly associated with
absence of the disease
C. Positive result is weakly associated with the
disease
D. Negative result is weakly associated with
absence of the disease
10. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as evidence-based resource
based on mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition in select situations,
settings, and/or patients?
A. Clinical practice
guideline
B. Clinical decision
rule
C. Clinical algorithm
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines this
essay, we will explore the nature of exams in business
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B
,Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision-making: intuitive
and analytical. Intuitive decision- making (similar to Augenblink decision-making) is based on
the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and paired with fairly common
errors. In contrast, analytical decision-making is based on careful consideration and has greater
reliability with rare errors.
PTS: 1
2. ANS: D
To obtain adequate history, providers must be well organized, attentive to the patient’s verbal
and nonverbal language, and able to accurately interpret the patient’s responses to questions.
Rather than reading into the patient’s statements, they clarify any areas of uncertainty.
PTS: 1
3. ANS: C
Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of the health history.
PTS: 1
4. ANS: D
While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able to differentiate between
normal and abnormal findings, recall knowledge of a range of conditions, including their
associated signs and symptoms, recognize how certain conditions affect the response to other
conditions, and distinguish the relevance of varied abnormal findings.
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics.
These disciplines -specific knowledge. In this essay, we will explore the nature of exams in business
PTS: 1
5. ANS: C
Sources for diagnostic statistics include textbooks, primary reports of research, and published
meta-analyses. Another source of statistics, the one that has been most widely used and
available for application to the reasoning process, is the estimation based on a provider’s
experience, although these are rarely accurate. Over the past decade, the availability of evidence
on which to base clinical reasoning is improving, and there is an increasing expectation that
clinical reasoning be based on scientific evidence.
Evidence-based statistics are also increasingly being used to develop resources to facilitate clinical decision-
making.
PTS: 1
6. ANS: D
To assist in clinical decision-making, a number of evidence-based resources have been
developed to assist the clinician. Resources, such as algorithms and clinical practice guidelines,
assist in clinical reasoning when properly applied.
PTS: 1
7. ANS: A
The sensitivity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of individuals with the target condition
who show an abnormal, or positive, result. A high sensitivity indicates that a greater percentage
of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result.
PTS: 1
8. ANS: B
The specificity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of normal, healthy individuals who have a
normal result. The greater the specificity, the greater the percentage of individuals who will
have negative, or normal, results if they do not have the target condition.
PTS: 1
9. ANS: A
, The likelihood ratio is the probability that a positive test result will be associated with a person
who has the target condition and a negative result will be associated with a healthy person. A
likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a positive result is associated with the disease; a
likelihood ratio less than 1 indicates that a negative result is associated with an absence of the
disease.
PTS: 1
10. ANS: B
Clinical decision (or prediction) rules provide another support for clinical reasoning. Clinical
decision rules are evidence-based resources that provide probabilistic statements regarding the
likelihood that a condition exists if certain variables are met with regard to the prognosis of
patients with specific findings. Decision rules use mathematical models and are specific to
certain situations, settings, and/or patient characteristics.
PTS: 1
Chapter 2. Evidence-based health screening
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines explore the nature of exams in
business
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. The first step in the genomic assessment of a patient is obtaining information regarding:
A. Family history
B. Environmental
exposures
C. Lifestyle and
behaviors
D. Current
medications
2. An affected individual who manifests symptoms of a particular condition through
whom a family with a genetic disorder is ascertained is called a(n):
A. Consultan
d
B. Consulba
nd
C. Index
patient
D. Proband
3. An autosomal dominant disorder involves the:
A. X chromosome
B. Y chromosome
C. Mitochondrial
DNA
D. Non-sex
chromosomes
4. To illustrate a union between two second cousin family members in a pedigree, draw:
A. Arrows pointing to the male and female
B. Brackets around the male and female
C. Double horizontal lines between the
male and female
