12/20/25, 11:37 AM NR 507 FINAL Flashcards | Quizlet
NR 507 FINAL 2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED
A+||BRAND NEW!!
Terms in this set (97)
body's process for adapting to high To adapt to high levels of hormones, some cells have the
hormone level capacity to decrease the number of receptors for that
hormone through the process of down-regulation.
Cushing's Syndrome excessive ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) production
most commonly caused by an adrenal adenoma or a non-
pituitary adenoma as is often seen with lung cancer. Clinical
signs and symptoms: weight gain and hyperpigmentation of
skin.
Lab results that point to PRIMARY Low levels of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) and high levels of
hypothyroidism thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), most commonly caused
by autoimmune thyroiditis.
Common causes of hypoparathyroidism parathyroid gland injury or removal
pathophysiology of thyroid storm High levels of thyroid hormone in conjunction with high levels
of stress hormones lead to fever, tachycardia, and eventually
high-output heart failure if the condition is not treated.
signs of thyrotoxicosis Weight loss and enlarged thyroid gland are common signs of
hyperthyroidism in thyrotoxicosis.
diet and the prevention of prostate cancer some evidence suggests a low fat diet, low dairy intake and
increased fruit and veggie intake prevents prostate cancer
Impact of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy enlarged prostate can block urine flow through the urethra.
(BPH) on the urinary system Can cause urinary retention, which can lead to UTI, kidney
infections.
https://quizlet.com/444379805/nr-507-final-flash-cards/ 1/28
,12/20/25, 11:37 AM NR 507 FINAL Flashcards | Quizlet
Dermatomes an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single
spinal nerve root.
Each spinal nerve and their many processes are distributed to
a specific area of the body. Specific areas of cutaneous (skin)
innervation at these spinal cord segments are called
dermatomes. The dermatomes of various spinal nerves are
distributed in a fairly regular pattern, although adjacent
regions between dermatomes can be innervated by more
than one spinal nerve.
substance release at the synapse neurons form points of contact with other neurons through
synapse. Impulses transmitted through electric and chemical
conduction. Vesicles containing neurotransmitters release
their contents into the synaptic cleft and neurotransmitters
diffuse across the cleft and bind to specific receptors on
postsynaptic neuron and trigger an action potential.
Common neurotransmitters include norepinephrine,
acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin, glycine,
endorphins.
Spondylolysis Structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the
joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). Most
affected at L5 of lumbar spine. Mechanical pressure often
causes anterior displacement of the deficient vertebra
(spondylolisthesis). Often hereditary; associated with
increased incidence of other congenital spine defects.
Microfractures occur at site, symptoms include lower back
pain and lower limb pain.
Cervical spondylolysis is hypertrophy and disc degeneration
with narrowing of cervical spine at c5-c6 and c6-c7.
Signs/symptoms include neck or occipital pain, pain in
shoulder, scapula, or arms. Sensory symptoms of numbness or
tingling follow a dermatomal pattern; weakness follows the
pattern of innervation of the affected nerve root. Occipital or
suboccipital headache is another symptom. Can also cause
difficulty walking, altered sensation in feet, and sphincter
disturbances (late sign).
https://quizlet.com/444379805/nr-507-final-flash-cards/ 2/28
, 12/20/25, 11:37 AM NR 507 FINAL Flashcards | Quizlet
location of the motor and sensory areas of frontal lobe-goal oriented behavior, short term memory,
the brain elaboration of thought, and inhibition on the limbic
(emotional) areas of CNS
premotor area-programming motor movements
primary motor area in frontal lobe- forms primary voluntary
motor area- electrical stimulation of specific areas of this
cortex causes specific muscles to move. Contains
corticobulbar tract that synapses in brainstems and provides
voluntary control of neck and head muscles. Corticospinal
tracts descend into spinal cord and control muscles in the
body. Cerebral impulses control function on opposite sides of
body-contralateral control.
Broca area- inferior frontal lobe; is for speech and language
processing. Expressive aphasia or dysphasia occurs when area
is damaged.
Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located
along the postcentral gyrus, which is adjacent to the primary
motor area in the precentral gyrus. Communication between
the two areas is through association fibers. Involved in sensory
association.
Occipital lobe- behind parietal lobe and above cerebellum.
Primary visual cortex, receives input from retinas
Temporal lobe- primary auditory cortex, also in memory
consolidation and smell. Wenicke area-sensory speech area;
responsible for reception and interpretation of speech, can
result in receptive aphasia or dysphasia when damaged.
pathophysiology of cerebral infarction and occurs when area of brain loses blood flow due to vascular
excitotoxins occlusion. Ex-emboli or thrombi, gradual vessel occlusion
(atheroma), and stenosed vessels. Strokes are often cause of
infarction related to occlusions or hemorrhages, disrupting
blood flow to parts of the brain. Cerebral thrombi and
cerebral emboli most often produce occlusions, but
atherosclerosis and hypotension are underlying process.
Can be either ischemic or hemorrhagic in nature. Ischemic
causes affected area to become pale and soft within 6-12
hours after occlusion. Necrosis, swelling and mushy
degeneration after 48 to 72 hours. Then area is infiltrated with
macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue, leaving a
cavity behind.
If occlusion of cerebral artery occurs, there is some vascular
remodeling to maintain some blood flow.
Hemorrhagic infarcts are bleeding into infarcted area through
leaking vessels when embolic fragments resolve, and
reperfusion begins to occur. Can be exacerbated by
thrombotic therapy.
Excitotoxins- Ischemia damages the brain by triggering a
cascade of biochemical events that lead to neuronal and glial
dysfunction and cell death. One major segment of this
cascade involves release of excitatory neurotransmitter amino
acid, glutamate, which can over excite and kill neurons in the
vicinity.
https://quizlet.com/444379805/nr-507-final-flash-cards/ 3/28
NR 507 FINAL 2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED
A+||BRAND NEW!!
Terms in this set (97)
body's process for adapting to high To adapt to high levels of hormones, some cells have the
hormone level capacity to decrease the number of receptors for that
hormone through the process of down-regulation.
Cushing's Syndrome excessive ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) production
most commonly caused by an adrenal adenoma or a non-
pituitary adenoma as is often seen with lung cancer. Clinical
signs and symptoms: weight gain and hyperpigmentation of
skin.
Lab results that point to PRIMARY Low levels of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) and high levels of
hypothyroidism thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), most commonly caused
by autoimmune thyroiditis.
Common causes of hypoparathyroidism parathyroid gland injury or removal
pathophysiology of thyroid storm High levels of thyroid hormone in conjunction with high levels
of stress hormones lead to fever, tachycardia, and eventually
high-output heart failure if the condition is not treated.
signs of thyrotoxicosis Weight loss and enlarged thyroid gland are common signs of
hyperthyroidism in thyrotoxicosis.
diet and the prevention of prostate cancer some evidence suggests a low fat diet, low dairy intake and
increased fruit and veggie intake prevents prostate cancer
Impact of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy enlarged prostate can block urine flow through the urethra.
(BPH) on the urinary system Can cause urinary retention, which can lead to UTI, kidney
infections.
https://quizlet.com/444379805/nr-507-final-flash-cards/ 1/28
,12/20/25, 11:37 AM NR 507 FINAL Flashcards | Quizlet
Dermatomes an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single
spinal nerve root.
Each spinal nerve and their many processes are distributed to
a specific area of the body. Specific areas of cutaneous (skin)
innervation at these spinal cord segments are called
dermatomes. The dermatomes of various spinal nerves are
distributed in a fairly regular pattern, although adjacent
regions between dermatomes can be innervated by more
than one spinal nerve.
substance release at the synapse neurons form points of contact with other neurons through
synapse. Impulses transmitted through electric and chemical
conduction. Vesicles containing neurotransmitters release
their contents into the synaptic cleft and neurotransmitters
diffuse across the cleft and bind to specific receptors on
postsynaptic neuron and trigger an action potential.
Common neurotransmitters include norepinephrine,
acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin, glycine,
endorphins.
Spondylolysis Structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the
joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). Most
affected at L5 of lumbar spine. Mechanical pressure often
causes anterior displacement of the deficient vertebra
(spondylolisthesis). Often hereditary; associated with
increased incidence of other congenital spine defects.
Microfractures occur at site, symptoms include lower back
pain and lower limb pain.
Cervical spondylolysis is hypertrophy and disc degeneration
with narrowing of cervical spine at c5-c6 and c6-c7.
Signs/symptoms include neck or occipital pain, pain in
shoulder, scapula, or arms. Sensory symptoms of numbness or
tingling follow a dermatomal pattern; weakness follows the
pattern of innervation of the affected nerve root. Occipital or
suboccipital headache is another symptom. Can also cause
difficulty walking, altered sensation in feet, and sphincter
disturbances (late sign).
https://quizlet.com/444379805/nr-507-final-flash-cards/ 2/28
, 12/20/25, 11:37 AM NR 507 FINAL Flashcards | Quizlet
location of the motor and sensory areas of frontal lobe-goal oriented behavior, short term memory,
the brain elaboration of thought, and inhibition on the limbic
(emotional) areas of CNS
premotor area-programming motor movements
primary motor area in frontal lobe- forms primary voluntary
motor area- electrical stimulation of specific areas of this
cortex causes specific muscles to move. Contains
corticobulbar tract that synapses in brainstems and provides
voluntary control of neck and head muscles. Corticospinal
tracts descend into spinal cord and control muscles in the
body. Cerebral impulses control function on opposite sides of
body-contralateral control.
Broca area- inferior frontal lobe; is for speech and language
processing. Expressive aphasia or dysphasia occurs when area
is damaged.
Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located
along the postcentral gyrus, which is adjacent to the primary
motor area in the precentral gyrus. Communication between
the two areas is through association fibers. Involved in sensory
association.
Occipital lobe- behind parietal lobe and above cerebellum.
Primary visual cortex, receives input from retinas
Temporal lobe- primary auditory cortex, also in memory
consolidation and smell. Wenicke area-sensory speech area;
responsible for reception and interpretation of speech, can
result in receptive aphasia or dysphasia when damaged.
pathophysiology of cerebral infarction and occurs when area of brain loses blood flow due to vascular
excitotoxins occlusion. Ex-emboli or thrombi, gradual vessel occlusion
(atheroma), and stenosed vessels. Strokes are often cause of
infarction related to occlusions or hemorrhages, disrupting
blood flow to parts of the brain. Cerebral thrombi and
cerebral emboli most often produce occlusions, but
atherosclerosis and hypotension are underlying process.
Can be either ischemic or hemorrhagic in nature. Ischemic
causes affected area to become pale and soft within 6-12
hours after occlusion. Necrosis, swelling and mushy
degeneration after 48 to 72 hours. Then area is infiltrated with
macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue, leaving a
cavity behind.
If occlusion of cerebral artery occurs, there is some vascular
remodeling to maintain some blood flow.
Hemorrhagic infarcts are bleeding into infarcted area through
leaking vessels when embolic fragments resolve, and
reperfusion begins to occur. Can be exacerbated by
thrombotic therapy.
Excitotoxins- Ischemia damages the brain by triggering a
cascade of biochemical events that lead to neuronal and glial
dysfunction and cell death. One major segment of this
cascade involves release of excitatory neurotransmitter amino
acid, glutamate, which can over excite and kill neurons in the
vicinity.
https://quizlet.com/444379805/nr-507-final-flash-cards/ 3/28
