BIO 181 QUIZ 1 GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY TEST QUESTIONS WITH WELL DETAILED
SOLUTIONS
Observation
Gathering information, either through direct use of the senses or with the help of tools such
as microscopes, thermometers, and balances that extend our senses. Can reveal valuable
information about the natural world
Hypothesis
Tentative answer to a well-framed question -- an explanation on trial. A rational account for
a set of observations, based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning.
Hypothesis-Based Approach
Systematic trial and error
Predominant Essential Elements in Living Matter
Humans need 25, plants need 17. Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N) -
- make up 96% of living matter. Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), and
a few other elements account for most of the remaining 4% of an organism's mass.
Covalent Bond
Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
, Non Polar Covalent Bond
Two atoms of the same element share electrons equally because the two atoms have the
same electronegativity -- the tug-of-war is at a standoff.
Polar Covalent Bond
When an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not
shared equally. (H2O).
Ionic Bond
Opposite charges, cations and anions attract each other. Any two ions of opposite charge
can form this. The ions do not need to have acquired their charge by an electron transfer
with each other.
Hydrogen Bond
When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, the hydrogen
atom has a partial positive charge that allows it to be attracted to a different
electronegative atom nearby. Attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom.
Van der Waals Interactions
Electrons are not always evenly distributed; at any instant, they may accumulate by chance
in one part of a molecule or another. The results are ever-changing regions of positive and
negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.
SOLUTIONS
Observation
Gathering information, either through direct use of the senses or with the help of tools such
as microscopes, thermometers, and balances that extend our senses. Can reveal valuable
information about the natural world
Hypothesis
Tentative answer to a well-framed question -- an explanation on trial. A rational account for
a set of observations, based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning.
Hypothesis-Based Approach
Systematic trial and error
Predominant Essential Elements in Living Matter
Humans need 25, plants need 17. Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N) -
- make up 96% of living matter. Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), and
a few other elements account for most of the remaining 4% of an organism's mass.
Covalent Bond
Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
, Non Polar Covalent Bond
Two atoms of the same element share electrons equally because the two atoms have the
same electronegativity -- the tug-of-war is at a standoff.
Polar Covalent Bond
When an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not
shared equally. (H2O).
Ionic Bond
Opposite charges, cations and anions attract each other. Any two ions of opposite charge
can form this. The ions do not need to have acquired their charge by an electron transfer
with each other.
Hydrogen Bond
When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, the hydrogen
atom has a partial positive charge that allows it to be attracted to a different
electronegative atom nearby. Attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom.
Van der Waals Interactions
Electrons are not always evenly distributed; at any instant, they may accumulate by chance
in one part of a molecule or another. The results are ever-changing regions of positive and
negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.
