Pedorthic Practice Exam STUDY
GUIDE SUMMARY WITH SOLVED
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS FOR 2026 SUCCESS
The normal ROM of the hip joint when flexed or extended is: a) Equal
internal rotation and external rotation
b) More internal rotation than external rotation
c) Less internal rotation than external rotation
d) 270 degrees total ROM - ,,,,answer,,,..a
Normal ROM of the knee joint is
a) 90 degrees of flexion, 10 degrees of hyperextension and 10 degrees
internal rotation
b) 110 degrees of flexion, 0 degrees hyperextension, 18 degrees internal
rotation
c) 115 degrees of flexion, 0 degrees hyperextension and 5 degrees of
external rotation
d) 130 degrees of flexion, 5 degrees of hyperextension and 5 degrees of
internal rotation - ,,,,answer,,,..d
A patient who has normal ankle dorsiflexion with the knee flexed and
limited dorsiflexion with the knee extended ndicates:
a) Soleus equinus
b) Gastrocnemius equinus
c) Triceps surae equinus
d) Bony (rigid) equinus - ,,,,answer,,,..b
Ankle dorsiflexion needed for normal gait is:
a) 20 degrees
,b) 5 degrees
c) 10 degrees
d) 0 degrees - ,,,,answer,,,..c
Ankle motion occurs primarily in which of the following planes?
A. Sagittal
B. Frontal
C. Transverse
D. All of the above - ,,,,answer,,,..a
The causes of a true forefoot valgus is:
a) Developmental malformation necessary to compensate for the inverted
and rigid rearfoot
b) The over activity in the invertor muscles ranging from obvious spasm to
clinically undetectable increases in muscle tone
c) Not congenital, that it is a compensatory position
d) Potentially all of the above, but considered controversial -
,,,,answer,,,..d
The medial arch height can be categorized as high, medium or low by
measuring the angle formed between the distal medial malleolus, the
navicular tuberosity, and the metatarsal head. If the resultant angle
approaches 180 degrees, the arch is considered:
a. High
b. Medium
C. Low
d. None of the above - ,,,,answer,,,..a
RCSP is determined by:
a. The amount the goniometer measures in subtalar neutral non
weightbearing position
b. The patient in weightbearing position in the angle and base of gait
,c. Using the total amount of inversion and eversion of the subtalar joint,
*dividing this by three, then subtracting this sum from the total amount of
eversion. This will derive an amount of rearfoot varus if present. The tibial
varum is added onto this amount. This amount then becomes the NCSP
measurement. If there is adequate pronatory motion to compensate for
the amount of rearfoot varus, then this is a totally compensated rearfoot
varus and therefore the RCSP is the quotient of the total amount of
rearfoot varus deducted from the total amount of pronatory motion
available. (* = the 1-3 quotient)
d. Both B&C - ,,,,answer,,,..d
The equinus compensation test is:
a. Is measured off weightbearing
b. Done with the patient knees extended and the subtalar joint in its
neutral position.
C. Done with the examiners fingers beneath the midtarsal joint while the
patient flexes the knees; a true equinus that is secondary to a bony
restriction or soleus contracture will produce compensatory midtarsal
motion as the proximal tibia moves forward with knee flexion
d. All of the above - ,,,,answer,,,..d
A rearfoot valgus in the Open Kinetic Chain is rare but can be: a. Due to a
traumatic reconstruction or due to a congenital defect
b. A valgus position of distal tibial epiphysis
C. A valgus in either the talus or calcaneus
d. All of the above - ,,,,answer,,,..d
Tibial varum is considered within normal limits when it measures:
a. Less than 2 degrees
b. 1-4 degrees
c. Over 4 degrees
d. Creates no known symptoms - ,,,,answer,,,..b
, A practitioner can determine if the foot is partially, totally or
uncompensated without having the RCSP, True or False -
,,,,answer,,,..false
For a valid weightbearing assessment, the examiner's eyes must be level
with the patient's calcaneus instead of looking at the calcaneus with the
practitioner standing and viewing from the posterior region. True or False -
,,,,answer,,,..true
The use of a straight edge to bisect the calcaneus will distort the skin and
usually result in a curved line. True or False - ,,,,answer,,,..true
The primary purpose of a biomechanical evaluation is to assess:
A. the mobility of the joints of the foot
B. the location of the bones of the foot
C. the presence or absence of sensory perception of the foot D. the
strength of the pulse in the foot - ,,,,answer,,,..a
When the patient is standing maximally pronated, the calcaneus will be
maximally:
A. everted
B. inverted
C. externally rotated
D. internally rotated - ,,,,answer,,,..a
A biomechanical exam of the subtalar joint to compute a standard
rearfoot post is:
A.. Adding the degrees of forefoot deformity and the rearfoot deformity
and dividing this sum by 3 then adding the tibial varum to reach a total
amount necessary to post the rearfoot B.. Adding the total amount of
inversion and eversion of the calcaneus in prone position, then dividing
this sum by three. This amount is then deducted from the total amount of
GUIDE SUMMARY WITH SOLVED
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS FOR 2026 SUCCESS
The normal ROM of the hip joint when flexed or extended is: a) Equal
internal rotation and external rotation
b) More internal rotation than external rotation
c) Less internal rotation than external rotation
d) 270 degrees total ROM - ,,,,answer,,,..a
Normal ROM of the knee joint is
a) 90 degrees of flexion, 10 degrees of hyperextension and 10 degrees
internal rotation
b) 110 degrees of flexion, 0 degrees hyperextension, 18 degrees internal
rotation
c) 115 degrees of flexion, 0 degrees hyperextension and 5 degrees of
external rotation
d) 130 degrees of flexion, 5 degrees of hyperextension and 5 degrees of
internal rotation - ,,,,answer,,,..d
A patient who has normal ankle dorsiflexion with the knee flexed and
limited dorsiflexion with the knee extended ndicates:
a) Soleus equinus
b) Gastrocnemius equinus
c) Triceps surae equinus
d) Bony (rigid) equinus - ,,,,answer,,,..b
Ankle dorsiflexion needed for normal gait is:
a) 20 degrees
,b) 5 degrees
c) 10 degrees
d) 0 degrees - ,,,,answer,,,..c
Ankle motion occurs primarily in which of the following planes?
A. Sagittal
B. Frontal
C. Transverse
D. All of the above - ,,,,answer,,,..a
The causes of a true forefoot valgus is:
a) Developmental malformation necessary to compensate for the inverted
and rigid rearfoot
b) The over activity in the invertor muscles ranging from obvious spasm to
clinically undetectable increases in muscle tone
c) Not congenital, that it is a compensatory position
d) Potentially all of the above, but considered controversial -
,,,,answer,,,..d
The medial arch height can be categorized as high, medium or low by
measuring the angle formed between the distal medial malleolus, the
navicular tuberosity, and the metatarsal head. If the resultant angle
approaches 180 degrees, the arch is considered:
a. High
b. Medium
C. Low
d. None of the above - ,,,,answer,,,..a
RCSP is determined by:
a. The amount the goniometer measures in subtalar neutral non
weightbearing position
b. The patient in weightbearing position in the angle and base of gait
,c. Using the total amount of inversion and eversion of the subtalar joint,
*dividing this by three, then subtracting this sum from the total amount of
eversion. This will derive an amount of rearfoot varus if present. The tibial
varum is added onto this amount. This amount then becomes the NCSP
measurement. If there is adequate pronatory motion to compensate for
the amount of rearfoot varus, then this is a totally compensated rearfoot
varus and therefore the RCSP is the quotient of the total amount of
rearfoot varus deducted from the total amount of pronatory motion
available. (* = the 1-3 quotient)
d. Both B&C - ,,,,answer,,,..d
The equinus compensation test is:
a. Is measured off weightbearing
b. Done with the patient knees extended and the subtalar joint in its
neutral position.
C. Done with the examiners fingers beneath the midtarsal joint while the
patient flexes the knees; a true equinus that is secondary to a bony
restriction or soleus contracture will produce compensatory midtarsal
motion as the proximal tibia moves forward with knee flexion
d. All of the above - ,,,,answer,,,..d
A rearfoot valgus in the Open Kinetic Chain is rare but can be: a. Due to a
traumatic reconstruction or due to a congenital defect
b. A valgus position of distal tibial epiphysis
C. A valgus in either the talus or calcaneus
d. All of the above - ,,,,answer,,,..d
Tibial varum is considered within normal limits when it measures:
a. Less than 2 degrees
b. 1-4 degrees
c. Over 4 degrees
d. Creates no known symptoms - ,,,,answer,,,..b
, A practitioner can determine if the foot is partially, totally or
uncompensated without having the RCSP, True or False -
,,,,answer,,,..false
For a valid weightbearing assessment, the examiner's eyes must be level
with the patient's calcaneus instead of looking at the calcaneus with the
practitioner standing and viewing from the posterior region. True or False -
,,,,answer,,,..true
The use of a straight edge to bisect the calcaneus will distort the skin and
usually result in a curved line. True or False - ,,,,answer,,,..true
The primary purpose of a biomechanical evaluation is to assess:
A. the mobility of the joints of the foot
B. the location of the bones of the foot
C. the presence or absence of sensory perception of the foot D. the
strength of the pulse in the foot - ,,,,answer,,,..a
When the patient is standing maximally pronated, the calcaneus will be
maximally:
A. everted
B. inverted
C. externally rotated
D. internally rotated - ,,,,answer,,,..a
A biomechanical exam of the subtalar joint to compute a standard
rearfoot post is:
A.. Adding the degrees of forefoot deformity and the rearfoot deformity
and dividing this sum by 3 then adding the tibial varum to reach a total
amount necessary to post the rearfoot B.. Adding the total amount of
inversion and eversion of the calcaneus in prone position, then dividing
this sum by three. This amount is then deducted from the total amount of
