WGU D236 Objective Assessment Pathophysiology Exam
Complete Questions and Guide Answers
100% Verified Graded A+
1. What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?-
Answer: Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to
balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure,
which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood attect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations
in the blood would cause water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high
concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to
leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
,2. How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in in- creased
blood volume and increased blood pressure?
Answer: Adropinbloodpressureissensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II
by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water reabsorption
increasing blood volume, while also increased potassium secretion in urine.
3. How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?
Answer: Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels
higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much can
cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack
4. The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System, and
,Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic
pH, what is the consequence of a pH imbalance
Answer: Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be attected by pH changes. Any increase or decrease in
blood pH can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby attecting its function as well
5. Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis, metabol- ic
alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH and CO2 levels).
Answer: Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 35-45 mm Hg PO290-100 mm Hg HCO3- 22-26 mEq/L
SaO2 95-100%
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower = alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity, diabetes,
renal failure or excessive GI losses.
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite directions,
then it is the pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
6. The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+) and measured
, anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calculation can be useful in determining the cause of
metabolic acidosis.
Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis?
Answer: The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood.
Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a measured anion) due to
buttering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
7. Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood (ie describe
the pathogenesis of diabetes)?
Answer: Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to
produce energy (ATP).
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin
receptors on a cells surface and initiates the uptake of glucose.
Complete Questions and Guide Answers
100% Verified Graded A+
1. What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?-
Answer: Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to
balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure,
which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood attect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations
in the blood would cause water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high
concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to
leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
,2. How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in in- creased
blood volume and increased blood pressure?
Answer: Adropinbloodpressureissensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II
by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water reabsorption
increasing blood volume, while also increased potassium secretion in urine.
3. How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?
Answer: Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels
higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much can
cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack
4. The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System, and
,Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic
pH, what is the consequence of a pH imbalance
Answer: Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be attected by pH changes. Any increase or decrease in
blood pH can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby attecting its function as well
5. Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis, metabol- ic
alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH and CO2 levels).
Answer: Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH 7.35-7.45 PCO2 35-45 mm Hg PO290-100 mm Hg HCO3- 22-26 mEq/L
SaO2 95-100%
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower = alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity, diabetes,
renal failure or excessive GI losses.
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite directions,
then it is the pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.
6. The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+) and measured
, anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calculation can be useful in determining the cause of
metabolic acidosis.
Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis?
Answer: The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood.
Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a measured anion) due to
buttering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
7. Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood (ie describe
the pathogenesis of diabetes)?
Answer: Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to
produce energy (ATP).
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin
receptors on a cells surface and initiates the uptake of glucose.
