NES Secondary Professional
Knowledge Exam-Graded A
Theory: What is Erikson's theory? - ANS-Psychosocial Theory of Development -
Individuals experience internal conflicts at various stages of life (crises) which are
resolved through interaction with others
Theory: What does Erikson's theory suggest about secondary students? - ANS-
Competence: Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5~12)
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13~19)
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Erikson's theory? - ANS-Help
students explore identity, beliefs, careers, and responsibilities. Model career choices.
Help students find resources to work out personal problems. Give many "second
chances"
Theory: What is Piaget's theory? - ANS-Theory of Cognitive Development -
Infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that they use to engage the
environment and ultimately construct mental representations of it
Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? - ANS--
Concrete Operational (ages 7~11) time, space, and quantity are understood and can be
applied but not as independent concepts
-Formal Operations (age 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking,
abstract logic and reasoning
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Piaget's theory? - ANS-
Concrete Operational Student: use props, visual aids, manipulatives, well-organized
presentation, use familiar examples
Formal Operational Student: continue to use concrete operational teaching, hypothetical
questions, scientific reasoning, teach broad concepts not just facts, inwards reflection
Theory: What is Vygotsky's Theory? - ANS-Social Development Theory - children's
thought structures develop through interaction with individuals in their environments,
informed by the culture in which they live
Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? - ANS-Work
within students' ZPD
,Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Vygotsky's theory? - ANS--
Scaffolding
-accessibility to tools that support thinking
-build on cultural funds of knowledge
-utilize dialogue and learning groups
Vocabulary: Scaffolding - ANS-providing sufficient support to promote learning when
concepts and skills are being first introduced to students.
Might include:
-resources
-a compelling task
-templates and guides
-guidance on the development of cognitive and social skills
Vocabulary: ZPD - ANS-The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the difference
between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help
Theory: What is Kohlberg's Theory? - ANS-Stages of Moral Development -
Moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental
stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor
Theory: What does Kohlberg's Theory suggest about secondary students? - ANS-
Secondary students will fall somewhere in these levels:
-Interpersonal accord and conformity
-Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
-Social contract orientation
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Kohlberg's theory? - ANS-
Help students:
examine their dilemmas, see others' perspectives, help students really listen to each
other, and ensure your class reflects concern for moral issues and values
Development: What 3 areas of development occur in secondary students? - ANS-1)
Physical/biological
2) Cognitive
3) Socioemotional (including moral)
Development: How does development contribute to early adolescent's (10~14)
behavior? - ANS--adolescents seeking peers with similar values and
recognition/attention/status
, -risky activities emerge
-if academic problems become more pronounced then frequent failure leads to less
engagement in school activities
Development: How can you help failing students and students falling behind? - ANS--
Suggest and demonstrate effective study strategies
-extra academic support for those struggling
-provide a regular time and place for them to seek guidance and advice on academic or
social matters
-provide opportunities for adolescents to make decisions
-hold them accountable for their actions and provide appropriate consequences
Instructional: How can teachers promote metacognition in students? - ANS-1) teach and
model effective strategies for learning
2) scaffolding :)
3) explore multiple perspectives
4) promote self-regulated learning
5) emphasize the critical thinking process and reflection instead of memorization and
recall
Instructional: What are 4 strategies to help long-term retention?
(remembering things for a long time) - ANS-1) rehearsal
2) elaboration
3) organization (my favorite)
4) visual imagery
Instructional: What are some good teaching strategies / How can you scaffold for
students? - ANS-1) go from simple --> complex tasks
2) offer partly complete examples for students to finish
3) mnemonics, reminders, cues
4) modelling
5) making connections from known to new info
6) provide organizers, outlines, guides, etc.
Vocabulary: Schema building - ANS-a representation of a plan or theory in the form of
an outline or model; an accumulation of specific knowledge about a topic, general world
knowledge about how things/people work, and knowledge about the topic/text's
organization
Knowledge Exam-Graded A
Theory: What is Erikson's theory? - ANS-Psychosocial Theory of Development -
Individuals experience internal conflicts at various stages of life (crises) which are
resolved through interaction with others
Theory: What does Erikson's theory suggest about secondary students? - ANS-
Competence: Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5~12)
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13~19)
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Erikson's theory? - ANS-Help
students explore identity, beliefs, careers, and responsibilities. Model career choices.
Help students find resources to work out personal problems. Give many "second
chances"
Theory: What is Piaget's theory? - ANS-Theory of Cognitive Development -
Infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that they use to engage the
environment and ultimately construct mental representations of it
Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? - ANS--
Concrete Operational (ages 7~11) time, space, and quantity are understood and can be
applied but not as independent concepts
-Formal Operations (age 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking,
abstract logic and reasoning
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Piaget's theory? - ANS-
Concrete Operational Student: use props, visual aids, manipulatives, well-organized
presentation, use familiar examples
Formal Operational Student: continue to use concrete operational teaching, hypothetical
questions, scientific reasoning, teach broad concepts not just facts, inwards reflection
Theory: What is Vygotsky's Theory? - ANS-Social Development Theory - children's
thought structures develop through interaction with individuals in their environments,
informed by the culture in which they live
Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? - ANS-Work
within students' ZPD
,Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Vygotsky's theory? - ANS--
Scaffolding
-accessibility to tools that support thinking
-build on cultural funds of knowledge
-utilize dialogue and learning groups
Vocabulary: Scaffolding - ANS-providing sufficient support to promote learning when
concepts and skills are being first introduced to students.
Might include:
-resources
-a compelling task
-templates and guides
-guidance on the development of cognitive and social skills
Vocabulary: ZPD - ANS-The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the difference
between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help
Theory: What is Kohlberg's Theory? - ANS-Stages of Moral Development -
Moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental
stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor
Theory: What does Kohlberg's Theory suggest about secondary students? - ANS-
Secondary students will fall somewhere in these levels:
-Interpersonal accord and conformity
-Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
-Social contract orientation
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Kohlberg's theory? - ANS-
Help students:
examine their dilemmas, see others' perspectives, help students really listen to each
other, and ensure your class reflects concern for moral issues and values
Development: What 3 areas of development occur in secondary students? - ANS-1)
Physical/biological
2) Cognitive
3) Socioemotional (including moral)
Development: How does development contribute to early adolescent's (10~14)
behavior? - ANS--adolescents seeking peers with similar values and
recognition/attention/status
, -risky activities emerge
-if academic problems become more pronounced then frequent failure leads to less
engagement in school activities
Development: How can you help failing students and students falling behind? - ANS--
Suggest and demonstrate effective study strategies
-extra academic support for those struggling
-provide a regular time and place for them to seek guidance and advice on academic or
social matters
-provide opportunities for adolescents to make decisions
-hold them accountable for their actions and provide appropriate consequences
Instructional: How can teachers promote metacognition in students? - ANS-1) teach and
model effective strategies for learning
2) scaffolding :)
3) explore multiple perspectives
4) promote self-regulated learning
5) emphasize the critical thinking process and reflection instead of memorization and
recall
Instructional: What are 4 strategies to help long-term retention?
(remembering things for a long time) - ANS-1) rehearsal
2) elaboration
3) organization (my favorite)
4) visual imagery
Instructional: What are some good teaching strategies / How can you scaffold for
students? - ANS-1) go from simple --> complex tasks
2) offer partly complete examples for students to finish
3) mnemonics, reminders, cues
4) modelling
5) making connections from known to new info
6) provide organizers, outlines, guides, etc.
Vocabulary: Schema building - ANS-a representation of a plan or theory in the form of
an outline or model; an accumulation of specific knowledge about a topic, general world
knowledge about how things/people work, and knowledge about the topic/text's
organization
