SHS 250 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Phoneme0definition0-
0ans✔smallest0unit0of0sound0that0can0distinguish0from0a0morpheme
Morpheme0definition0-0ans✔smallest0unit0of0language0that0carries0meaning
Morpheme0examples0-0ans✔dog,0-s,0-ed,0pre-,0mouth
Vowel0reduction0-0ans✔shortening0or0unstressing0of0a0vowel
In0vowel0reduction,0what0is0the0MOST0reduced0vowel0-0ans✔schwa
Diphthongs0-0ans✔a0vowel-
like0sound0that0serves0as0a0syllable0nucleus0and0involves0a0gradual0transition0from0on
e0vowel0to0another
Onglide0-0ans✔the0first0vowel0sound0in0a0diphthong
Offglide0-0ans✔the0second/last0vowel0sound0in0a0diphthong
Monophthongization0-
0ans✔alteration0of0a0diphthong0to0a0pure0vowel;0involves0unstressing0of0the0diphthong
Allophones0-
0ans✔one0of0the0sound0variants0of0a0specific0phoneme,0often0used0in0a0specific0phon
etic0context
Complementary0distribution0-
0ans✔Two0or0more0allophones0that0occur0in0mutually0exclusive0phonetic0contexts
Free0variation0-
0ans✔allophones0that0may0be0exchanged0for0one0another0in0a0particular0phonetic0con
text-0not0rule0driven
, How0are0complementary0distribution0and0free0variation0different?0-
0ans✔Free0variation0means0the0allophones0are0interchangeable,0but0complementary0d
istribution0means0the0allophones0are0only0used0in0certain0contexts
Coarticulation/assimilation0-
0ans✔overlapping0of0movements0in0the0production0of0two0or0more0sounds
Anticipatory0assimilation0-
0ans✔assimilation0of0one0sound0the0prepare0for0the0next0one
Example0of0anticipatory0assimilation0-0ans✔good0bye0-->0gu0bye
Retentive0assimilation0-
0ans✔a0feature0of0an0earlier0segment0persists0into0the0realization0of0a0later0segment
Example0of0retentive0assimilation0-
0ans✔me0(velopharynx0still0open0for0e)0vs0tea0(velopharynx0not0open0bc0t0is0not0a0nas
al0sound)
Another0word0for0retentive0assimilation0-0ans✔regressive0assumption
How0are0anticipatory0and0retentive0assimilation0different?0-0ans✔Anticipatory0-
0the0first0sound0changes0Retentive0-0the0second0sound0changes
Spreading/shingling0-0ans✔the0characteristics0permeate0nearby0sounds0(input0-
>0imput)
Blending0-0ans✔a0word0formed0from020or0more0words0(glamping,0hangry,
Broad0vs.0narrow0transcription0-
0ans✔broad0uses0slashes0(//)0and0no0diacritic0marks,0only0phonemes.0narrow0uses0br
ackets0([0])0and0diacritics0in0addition0to0phonemes
IPA0-0ans✔International0Phonetic0Alphabet
Minimal0contrast/minimal0pairs0-
0ans✔a0pair0of0morphemes0or0words0that0differ0in0pronunciation0by0only0a0single0seg
ment.0Minimal0pairs0are0basic0to0the0discovery0of0phonemes0in0a0language.
minimal0pair0examples0-0ans✔dog/bog,0rag/tag/hag/bag,0bog/bot/bomb
30systems0of0speech0production0-0ans✔respiratory,0laryngeal,0supralaryngeal
Respiratory0system0of0speech0production0-
0ans✔lungs,0trachea,0rib0cage,0abdomen0and0associated0muscles0(pecs,0diaphragm);0
sound0SOURCE
AND ANSWERS
Phoneme0definition0-
0ans✔smallest0unit0of0sound0that0can0distinguish0from0a0morpheme
Morpheme0definition0-0ans✔smallest0unit0of0language0that0carries0meaning
Morpheme0examples0-0ans✔dog,0-s,0-ed,0pre-,0mouth
Vowel0reduction0-0ans✔shortening0or0unstressing0of0a0vowel
In0vowel0reduction,0what0is0the0MOST0reduced0vowel0-0ans✔schwa
Diphthongs0-0ans✔a0vowel-
like0sound0that0serves0as0a0syllable0nucleus0and0involves0a0gradual0transition0from0on
e0vowel0to0another
Onglide0-0ans✔the0first0vowel0sound0in0a0diphthong
Offglide0-0ans✔the0second/last0vowel0sound0in0a0diphthong
Monophthongization0-
0ans✔alteration0of0a0diphthong0to0a0pure0vowel;0involves0unstressing0of0the0diphthong
Allophones0-
0ans✔one0of0the0sound0variants0of0a0specific0phoneme,0often0used0in0a0specific0phon
etic0context
Complementary0distribution0-
0ans✔Two0or0more0allophones0that0occur0in0mutually0exclusive0phonetic0contexts
Free0variation0-
0ans✔allophones0that0may0be0exchanged0for0one0another0in0a0particular0phonetic0con
text-0not0rule0driven
, How0are0complementary0distribution0and0free0variation0different?0-
0ans✔Free0variation0means0the0allophones0are0interchangeable,0but0complementary0d
istribution0means0the0allophones0are0only0used0in0certain0contexts
Coarticulation/assimilation0-
0ans✔overlapping0of0movements0in0the0production0of0two0or0more0sounds
Anticipatory0assimilation0-
0ans✔assimilation0of0one0sound0the0prepare0for0the0next0one
Example0of0anticipatory0assimilation0-0ans✔good0bye0-->0gu0bye
Retentive0assimilation0-
0ans✔a0feature0of0an0earlier0segment0persists0into0the0realization0of0a0later0segment
Example0of0retentive0assimilation0-
0ans✔me0(velopharynx0still0open0for0e)0vs0tea0(velopharynx0not0open0bc0t0is0not0a0nas
al0sound)
Another0word0for0retentive0assimilation0-0ans✔regressive0assumption
How0are0anticipatory0and0retentive0assimilation0different?0-0ans✔Anticipatory0-
0the0first0sound0changes0Retentive0-0the0second0sound0changes
Spreading/shingling0-0ans✔the0characteristics0permeate0nearby0sounds0(input0-
>0imput)
Blending0-0ans✔a0word0formed0from020or0more0words0(glamping,0hangry,
Broad0vs.0narrow0transcription0-
0ans✔broad0uses0slashes0(//)0and0no0diacritic0marks,0only0phonemes.0narrow0uses0br
ackets0([0])0and0diacritics0in0addition0to0phonemes
IPA0-0ans✔International0Phonetic0Alphabet
Minimal0contrast/minimal0pairs0-
0ans✔a0pair0of0morphemes0or0words0that0differ0in0pronunciation0by0only0a0single0seg
ment.0Minimal0pairs0are0basic0to0the0discovery0of0phonemes0in0a0language.
minimal0pair0examples0-0ans✔dog/bog,0rag/tag/hag/bag,0bog/bot/bomb
30systems0of0speech0production0-0ans✔respiratory,0laryngeal,0supralaryngeal
Respiratory0system0of0speech0production0-
0ans✔lungs,0trachea,0rib0cage,0abdomen0and0associated0muscles0(pecs,0diaphragm);0
sound0SOURCE
