NBEO Part 1 Exam Newest 2026-2027 Actual Exam
With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed
Answers (Verified Answers) |Already Graded A+
A 32-year old female is seen at your office complaining of a recent onset
of blurred vision, only at a distance. A thorough case history reveals that
she recently began taking a new medication which you correctly assume
has induced myopia. Which of the following medications is MOST
likely to be the culprit? - ANSWER-Isotretinoin, birth control pills, and
diuretics, among many other drugs, can cause myopia in some patients.
Myopia mostly likely results from corneal swelling, which steepens the
curvature of the cornea. Drugs that cause swelling of the lens,
accommodative spasm, or edema of the ciliary body will also result in
myopia. A reduction in the dose of the medication or cessation of the
offending drug will usually result in reversal of nearsightedness. Fish
oil, Tylenol, and Tums have not been shown to have a correlation with
transient myopia development.
An increased rate of molecular movement down its respective
concentration gradient via help from carrier proteins refers to which type
of transportation? - ANSWER-Facilitated diffusion is described as the
net movement of molecules down its concentration gradient whose rate
of diffusion is increased via the use of carrier proteins. Passive diffusion
refers to the movement of molecules through a plasma membrane from
an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the
use of carrier molecules. Active transport implies the movement of
material against its respective concentration gradient. This type of
pg. 1
,transport requires energy and enlists the use of specific carrier proteins.
Lastly, group translocation is defined as the chemical modification of a
molecule while it is being transported into a cell; for example, sugars are
often phosphorylated during transportation.
A 24-year old female patient presents at your office complaining of side
effects that began when she started using Patanol to treat her ocular
allergies. She reports complete compliance with her eye drop
administration. Which of the following symptoms is MOST likely
associated with olopatadine (Patanol) use? - ANSWER-Topical
antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers such as Patanol (olopatadine) are
commonly prescribed to relieve the symptoms associated with ocular
allergies. They are a very effective class of medication due to their dual
action mechanisms. Topical antihistamines that possess this dual action
are olopatadine (Patanol), ketotifen fumarate (Zaditor), azelastine
(Optivar), and epinastine (Elestat). The aforementioned drops serve to
alleviate itching and redness by blocking H1 receptors as well as
inhibiting mast cell and basophil degranulation. Side effects of topical
antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers include stinging upon instillation,
headaches, and adverse taste (don't forget to inform your patients about
punctual occlusion!). Tachycardia, depression, gastrointestinal
discomfort, and visual hallucinations have not been reported with
Patanol use.
A 63-year old female is seen at your office with a chief concern of blurry
vision in the morning that takes about an hour to resolve before she can
see clearly again. Biomicroscopy reveals endothelial guttata. You
correctly diagnose her with moderate Fuch's dystrophy. Which
ophthalmic drop would be of MOST benefit to her? - ANSWER-Sodium
pg. 2
,chloride is a topical hyperosmotic agent used to relieve stromal edema
caused by endothelial decompensation. Topical steroids work well to
decrease swelling caused by inflammation. In the above case, the
corneal edema is not mitigated by an inflammatory response.
Tobramycin and Vigamox would be of no benefit since there is no active
infection, and prescribing either of these would only lead to corneal
toxicity or increased pathogen resistance over time.
A deficiency of which vitamin leads to prolonged dark adaptation? -
ANSWER-A deficiency of vitamin A causes prolonged dark adaptation.
Vitamin A is classified as a retinoid, and its active form is retinol.
Retinol is necessary for the formation of rhodopsin, a pigment used by
rods. Rods are most active in situations with dim illumination. Less
rhodopsin results in fewer rods being able to respond in low levels of
light, causing prolonged dark adaption.
+1.50-1.50 x 090 is required to neutralize a reflex in retinoscopy with a
working distance of 50 cm. What is the resulting NET retinoscopy
finding? - ANSWER-A working distance of 50 cm creates a divergent
wave of 2.00 D that is neutralized by retinoscopy in addition to the
patient's refractive error. Therefore, + 2.00 D must be subtracted from
the spherical portion of the findings. To determine how much to subtract
from the gross findings, one must first calculate the reciprocal of the
working distance in meters. In our case, 1/0.5 = 2. Therefore +1.50 (the
spherical gross findings) -2 = -0.50-1.50 x 090. Remember NET is the
final result, this is found after the working distance has been accounted
for by subtracting the working distance from the spherical portion of the
findings.
pg. 3
, A ray of light traveling in water (n=1.33) strikes a flat, transparent
surface (n= 1.59) at an angle of 32 degrees from the normal. What is the
angle of refraction? - ANSWER-Snell's law of refraction states that
when light travels through a material that possesses an index of
refraction greater than 1.0, the light rays change direction and become
bent (or refracted). Snell's law is depicted as the following: n sin i= n' sin
i' where n= the index of refraction of the first medium, i= the angle of
incidence, n'= the index of the second medium, and i' = the angle of the
refracted ray. All angles are measured with respect to the normal, which
lies perpendicular to the interface between the different media. For the
above example, 1.33(sin 32)=1.59 sin i', solving for i'= 26.31 degrees. It
is important to commit the index of refraction of water to memory; it is
1.33.
A central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) causes tremendous damage to
the retina. How will the electroretinogram (ERG) of a person who has
suffered a CRAO be affected? - ANSWER-A central retinal artery
occlusion will cause a loss of the b-wave which is formed by responses
from the bipolar and Muller cells, both of which are nourished by the
central retinal artery. The a-wave results from excitation of the
photoreceptors. The a-wave will not be lost in the event of a CRAO due
to the fact that photoreceptors receive their oxygen supply via the
choroid.
Free radicals can cause severe damage to tissue. Which of the following
electrolytes can function as an antioxidant in the aqueous? - ANSWER-
The aqueous humor contains many electrolytes including Na+, K+ , Cl-,
pg. 4
With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed
Answers (Verified Answers) |Already Graded A+
A 32-year old female is seen at your office complaining of a recent onset
of blurred vision, only at a distance. A thorough case history reveals that
she recently began taking a new medication which you correctly assume
has induced myopia. Which of the following medications is MOST
likely to be the culprit? - ANSWER-Isotretinoin, birth control pills, and
diuretics, among many other drugs, can cause myopia in some patients.
Myopia mostly likely results from corneal swelling, which steepens the
curvature of the cornea. Drugs that cause swelling of the lens,
accommodative spasm, or edema of the ciliary body will also result in
myopia. A reduction in the dose of the medication or cessation of the
offending drug will usually result in reversal of nearsightedness. Fish
oil, Tylenol, and Tums have not been shown to have a correlation with
transient myopia development.
An increased rate of molecular movement down its respective
concentration gradient via help from carrier proteins refers to which type
of transportation? - ANSWER-Facilitated diffusion is described as the
net movement of molecules down its concentration gradient whose rate
of diffusion is increased via the use of carrier proteins. Passive diffusion
refers to the movement of molecules through a plasma membrane from
an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the
use of carrier molecules. Active transport implies the movement of
material against its respective concentration gradient. This type of
pg. 1
,transport requires energy and enlists the use of specific carrier proteins.
Lastly, group translocation is defined as the chemical modification of a
molecule while it is being transported into a cell; for example, sugars are
often phosphorylated during transportation.
A 24-year old female patient presents at your office complaining of side
effects that began when she started using Patanol to treat her ocular
allergies. She reports complete compliance with her eye drop
administration. Which of the following symptoms is MOST likely
associated with olopatadine (Patanol) use? - ANSWER-Topical
antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers such as Patanol (olopatadine) are
commonly prescribed to relieve the symptoms associated with ocular
allergies. They are a very effective class of medication due to their dual
action mechanisms. Topical antihistamines that possess this dual action
are olopatadine (Patanol), ketotifen fumarate (Zaditor), azelastine
(Optivar), and epinastine (Elestat). The aforementioned drops serve to
alleviate itching and redness by blocking H1 receptors as well as
inhibiting mast cell and basophil degranulation. Side effects of topical
antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers include stinging upon instillation,
headaches, and adverse taste (don't forget to inform your patients about
punctual occlusion!). Tachycardia, depression, gastrointestinal
discomfort, and visual hallucinations have not been reported with
Patanol use.
A 63-year old female is seen at your office with a chief concern of blurry
vision in the morning that takes about an hour to resolve before she can
see clearly again. Biomicroscopy reveals endothelial guttata. You
correctly diagnose her with moderate Fuch's dystrophy. Which
ophthalmic drop would be of MOST benefit to her? - ANSWER-Sodium
pg. 2
,chloride is a topical hyperosmotic agent used to relieve stromal edema
caused by endothelial decompensation. Topical steroids work well to
decrease swelling caused by inflammation. In the above case, the
corneal edema is not mitigated by an inflammatory response.
Tobramycin and Vigamox would be of no benefit since there is no active
infection, and prescribing either of these would only lead to corneal
toxicity or increased pathogen resistance over time.
A deficiency of which vitamin leads to prolonged dark adaptation? -
ANSWER-A deficiency of vitamin A causes prolonged dark adaptation.
Vitamin A is classified as a retinoid, and its active form is retinol.
Retinol is necessary for the formation of rhodopsin, a pigment used by
rods. Rods are most active in situations with dim illumination. Less
rhodopsin results in fewer rods being able to respond in low levels of
light, causing prolonged dark adaption.
+1.50-1.50 x 090 is required to neutralize a reflex in retinoscopy with a
working distance of 50 cm. What is the resulting NET retinoscopy
finding? - ANSWER-A working distance of 50 cm creates a divergent
wave of 2.00 D that is neutralized by retinoscopy in addition to the
patient's refractive error. Therefore, + 2.00 D must be subtracted from
the spherical portion of the findings. To determine how much to subtract
from the gross findings, one must first calculate the reciprocal of the
working distance in meters. In our case, 1/0.5 = 2. Therefore +1.50 (the
spherical gross findings) -2 = -0.50-1.50 x 090. Remember NET is the
final result, this is found after the working distance has been accounted
for by subtracting the working distance from the spherical portion of the
findings.
pg. 3
, A ray of light traveling in water (n=1.33) strikes a flat, transparent
surface (n= 1.59) at an angle of 32 degrees from the normal. What is the
angle of refraction? - ANSWER-Snell's law of refraction states that
when light travels through a material that possesses an index of
refraction greater than 1.0, the light rays change direction and become
bent (or refracted). Snell's law is depicted as the following: n sin i= n' sin
i' where n= the index of refraction of the first medium, i= the angle of
incidence, n'= the index of the second medium, and i' = the angle of the
refracted ray. All angles are measured with respect to the normal, which
lies perpendicular to the interface between the different media. For the
above example, 1.33(sin 32)=1.59 sin i', solving for i'= 26.31 degrees. It
is important to commit the index of refraction of water to memory; it is
1.33.
A central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) causes tremendous damage to
the retina. How will the electroretinogram (ERG) of a person who has
suffered a CRAO be affected? - ANSWER-A central retinal artery
occlusion will cause a loss of the b-wave which is formed by responses
from the bipolar and Muller cells, both of which are nourished by the
central retinal artery. The a-wave results from excitation of the
photoreceptors. The a-wave will not be lost in the event of a CRAO due
to the fact that photoreceptors receive their oxygen supply via the
choroid.
Free radicals can cause severe damage to tissue. Which of the following
electrolytes can function as an antioxidant in the aqueous? - ANSWER-
The aqueous humor contains many electrolytes including Na+, K+ , Cl-,
pg. 4
