Covalent bond formation
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A chemical bond formed by a shared pair of electrons holding two
different atoms together. They can be polar (charged with slight charges on
either end) or nonpolar (the almost equal sharing of electrons). This all
depends on the electronegativity of each atom.
Denaturation
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a change in protein shape.
usually caused by environmental factors (heat and pH)
,first law of thermodynamics and how it applies to living things
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred.
When living things perform chemical reactions, the reactants will have the
same amount of energy as the products.
carbonyl
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C=O
Second law of thermodynamics and how it applies to living things.
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all energy transfers increase entropy (disorder) in the universe. All chemical
reactions "lose" some usable energy as heat. Living things are ordered
things and must increase disorder elsewhere to maintain order within
themselves.
Describe the solvent nature of water. Why does salt melt but oil does not?
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, Hydrophilic compounds are polar, which means they readily dissolve in
other polar substances. This makes water a universal solvent as it is polar
and can dissolve other polar molecules. Since salt is a polar, hydrophilic
molecule, it will disslove in water with the positive hydrogens pulling the
negative chlorine away from the positive sodium. Any negative oxygen will
pull the positive sodium from the negative chlorine. Oil will not dissolve in
water because it is nonpolar, hydrophobic and limits its contact with water.
It orients itself away from water and does not have charged regions for
water to pull at.
Saturated fatty acids
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composed of a long carbon chain bonded with at least two hydrogens and
NO DOUBLE BONDS. They form straight lines and pack tightly making them
SOLID at room temperature.
hypertonic
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when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration
of solutes. (more particles compared to water) Water will move toward the
area with the higher solute concentration.
What atom serves as a building block for molecules?
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, Carbon
Describe the building of monosaccharides to polysaccharides, and the bond used to
hold them together.
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Using dehydration synthesis, hydrogen of one monosaccharide and
hydroxyl of another is taken out of the molecules to get our released H2O.
Specifically, the two monosaccharides are connected by glycosidic bonds.
Steroids
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Characterized by four hydrocarbon rings, most common is cholesterol, but
can also be hormones (estrogen/testosterone). Major role is for structure in
the cell membrane of animals and cell signaling (hormones)
Describe hydrogen bonds and explain why they form
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A chemical bond formed by a shared pair of electrons holding two
different atoms together. They can be polar (charged with slight charges on
either end) or nonpolar (the almost equal sharing of electrons). This all
depends on the electronegativity of each atom.
Denaturation
Give this one a try later!
a change in protein shape.
usually caused by environmental factors (heat and pH)
,first law of thermodynamics and how it applies to living things
Give this one a try later!
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred.
When living things perform chemical reactions, the reactants will have the
same amount of energy as the products.
carbonyl
Give this one a try later!
C=O
Second law of thermodynamics and how it applies to living things.
Give this one a try later!
all energy transfers increase entropy (disorder) in the universe. All chemical
reactions "lose" some usable energy as heat. Living things are ordered
things and must increase disorder elsewhere to maintain order within
themselves.
Describe the solvent nature of water. Why does salt melt but oil does not?
Give this one a try later!
, Hydrophilic compounds are polar, which means they readily dissolve in
other polar substances. This makes water a universal solvent as it is polar
and can dissolve other polar molecules. Since salt is a polar, hydrophilic
molecule, it will disslove in water with the positive hydrogens pulling the
negative chlorine away from the positive sodium. Any negative oxygen will
pull the positive sodium from the negative chlorine. Oil will not dissolve in
water because it is nonpolar, hydrophobic and limits its contact with water.
It orients itself away from water and does not have charged regions for
water to pull at.
Saturated fatty acids
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composed of a long carbon chain bonded with at least two hydrogens and
NO DOUBLE BONDS. They form straight lines and pack tightly making them
SOLID at room temperature.
hypertonic
Give this one a try later!
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration
of solutes. (more particles compared to water) Water will move toward the
area with the higher solute concentration.
What atom serves as a building block for molecules?
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, Carbon
Describe the building of monosaccharides to polysaccharides, and the bond used to
hold them together.
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Using dehydration synthesis, hydrogen of one monosaccharide and
hydroxyl of another is taken out of the molecules to get our released H2O.
Specifically, the two monosaccharides are connected by glycosidic bonds.
Steroids
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Characterized by four hydrocarbon rings, most common is cholesterol, but
can also be hormones (estrogen/testosterone). Major role is for structure in
the cell membrane of animals and cell signaling (hormones)
Describe hydrogen bonds and explain why they form
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