BLG 111 Final Exam
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS.
LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026.
what are the three functions of blood? - ANStransportation, regulation, protection
what are the transport functions in blood? - ANSDelivering O2 and nutrients
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
what are the regulation functions of blood? - ANSmaintaining body temperature
maintaining normal pH
how does blood maintain body temperature? - ANSthrough vasoconstriction / vasodilation
what is vasodilation? relation to heat? - ANSwidening of blood vessels, gets rid of heat
what is vasoconstriction? relation to heat? - ANSnarrowing of blood vessels; preserves heat
what is the normal pH of blood? - ANS7.35-7.45
how does blood regulate pH? - ANSchemical buffers
how does blood protect? - ANSprevents blood loss (clots)
prevents infection (antibodies, WBC's)
what are the components of whole blood? - ANSplasma & formed elements
what are the two parts of formed elements? - ANSbuffy coat, erthyrocytes
what is the buffy coat? - ANSwhite blood cells and platelets
what is the least dense component of blood? - ANSplasma
what is the most dense component of blood? - ANSformed elements (specifically
erthyrocytes)
what is blood plasma made of? - ANSwater & it's solutes: proteins, electrolytes, nutrients,
gases, hormones, wastes
what is the most abundant solute in plasma? - ANSalbumin
what does albumin do? - ANSregulates osmotic pressure, transports molecules (e.g. drugs)
what is osmotic pressure? - ANSpressure that helps blood retain water
what are globulins? where are they found? - ANSantibodies & transport proteins in plasma
what is the function of fibrinogens? - ANSblood clotting
plasma is a nonliving ____. - ANSmatrix
what are erythrocytes? - ANSred blood cells
what shape are RBCs? what function does this serve? - ANSbiconcave
bendy so they can flow easily
large surface area for oxygen to pass through
what are the characteristics of red blood cells? - ANSanucleate
no organelles
filled with Hb for gas transport
what does Hb stand for - ANShemoglobin
what does hemoglobin do? - ANSbinds reversibly with oxygen
what are the 2 parts of hemoglobin? - ANSheme and globin
,BLG 111 Final Exam
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS.
LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026.
what is heme? - ANSiron-containing red pigment
what is globin? - ANSprotein made of 4 polypeptide chains
what are the four chains of globin? - ANS2 alpha, 2 beta
how many hemes are in hemoglobin? - ANSfour; one per chain
where are RBCs produced? from? - ANSred bone marrow; stem cells
what is hematopoietic tissue? - ANSred bone marrow
where is red bone marrow found in newborns? - ANSeverywhere; medullary cavities & all
spongey bone
where is red bone marrow found in adults? - ANSheads of femur & humerus
flat bones, hip bone
stem cells produce all _______. - ANSformed elements
what is the life span of RBCs? - ANS100-120 days or 3-4 months
what is erythropoiesis (EPO)? - ANSproduction of red blood cells
what stimulates EPO? due to? - ANShypoxia
decreased RBC
decreased amount of Hb
decreased availability of O2
what is hypoxia? - ANSlack of oxygen
what are the steps of EPO? - ANSkidney release erythropoietin
stimulates red bone marrow
increases RBC
O2 carrying ability rises
what is erythropoietin? - ANSEPO - hormone that stimulates RBC production
what is hemostasis? - ANSstoppage of bleeding in a blood vessel
what are the three steps of hemostasis? - ANS1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
what happens during step one of hemostasis; vascular spasm? - ANSsmooth muscle
contracts, causes vasoconstriction
what happens during step two a) of hemostasis; platelet plug formation? - ANSinjury to
lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers
platelets adhere
what happens during step two b) of hemostasis; platelet plug formation? - ANSplatelets
release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky
platelet plug forms
what happens during step three of hemostasis; coagulation? - ANSuses clotting factors
numbered I- XII
what is needed to synthesize clotting factors? - ANSVitamin K
,BLG 111 Final Exam
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS.
LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026.
why are newborns given vitamin K shots? - ANSvitamin k doesn't cross the placenta or get
into breast milk well
needed for clotting factors (thrombin)
what is thrombin? what does it do? - ANSan enzyme in blood plasma that causes the clotting
of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin converts _____ to _____ - ANSfibrinogen to fibrin
what does fibrin do? - ANSmakes clot by creating a mesh that glues platelets together
what are thromboembolic conditions? the three types? - ANSundesirable clot formations
thrombus
embolus
embolism
what is a thrombus? - ANSa clot that develops & persists in an unbroken blood vessel
why are thrombus dangerous? - ANScan block circulation, leading to tissue death
what is an embolus? - ANSthrombus freely floating in bloodstream
what is an embolism? - ANSembolus obstructing a vessel
what are the three things that need to be considered when determining compatibility of blood
types? - ANSwhich antigens are found on the PM
what type of antibodies are floating in the plasma
what is being transferred?
what do antigens determine for blood types? - ANSthe letter; A, B , AB, O
people who are blood type AB have ______ antigens - ANSA & B
What is agglutinogen? - ANSantibodies clump RBCs together, body begins to destroy this
how does the protein Rh affect blood type? - ANSdetermines whether its positive or negative
why are antibodies important in blood types? - ANSthere cannot be an interaction between
antigens & antibodies
what antibodies does type O have? - ANSanti-A & anti-B
what blood type is the universal reciepent? why? - ANSAB
no antibodies, therefore no reaction from any other blood type
what antibodies does type AB blood have? - ANSnone
what is the universal blood donor? why? - ANSO, it has no antigens so it cannot envoke a
reaction from other blood types
what are the different types of blood trasnfusions? - ANSwhole blood
plasma
platelet
packed RBCs (PRBCs)
why is Rh important to consider in blood transfusions? - ANScan cause agglutination;
although to a lesser effect than incompatible antigens/antibodies
what does rh negative / postive mean? - ANSrh negative = rh antibodies
rh positive = no rh antibodies
, BLG 111 Final Exam
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS.
LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026.
you could put A __ into A _____, but it will ________. - ANSpositive, negative, agglutinate
what blood types can type A recieve? why? - ANSA & O; has anti-b antibodies due to type a
antigens
what blood types can type B receive? why? - ANSB & O; has anti-a antibodies due to type b
antigens
what blood types can type O receive? why? - ANSO; has both anti-a & anti-b antibodies &
no antigens
what blood types can type AB recieve? why? - ANSany; has no antibodies, only a & b
antigens
what is the lifespan of a RBC? - ANS100-120 days
what happens when RBCs die? - ANSHB begins to breakdown
Macrophages in spleen breakdown the RBC
When a RBC dies, the body ___________ it - ANSrecycles
when a RBC dies, Hb breaks down into globin: what does this do? - ANSfurther breaks down
into amino acids / proteins
what is ferritin? - ANSa protein that stores & releases iron
what is transferritin? - ANSiron transport protein in blood
after a RBC dies, Hb breaks down into heme, which further breaks down into: - ANSiron and
bilirubin
where does bilirubin from heme go? (breakdown of RBC) - ANSto the liver, which secretes it
into the intestine to be excreted
more erythrocyte disorders are classified as _____ or _____ - ANSanemia
polycythemia
what is polycythemia? - ANStoo many RBCs
what is anemia? - ANSnot enough RBCs
what are the three categories that cause anemia? - ANStoo much blood loss
not enough RBCs produced
too many RBCs destroyed
what type of anemia is caused by excessive blood loss? - ANShemorrhagic anemia
what is a subtype of hemorrhagic anemia? - ANSchronic hemorrhagic anemia
what is hemorrhagic anemia? how is it treated? - ANSrapid blood loss, treated by blood
replacement
what is chronic hemorrhagic anemia? how is it treated? - ANSslight but persistent blood loss
the primary problem must be treated to stop the blood loss
what is an example of something that may cause chronic hemorrhagic anemia? -
ANShemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer, etc
what are the four types of anemia caused by low RBC production? - ANSiron-deficiency
anemia
pernicious anemia
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS.
LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026.
what are the three functions of blood? - ANStransportation, regulation, protection
what are the transport functions in blood? - ANSDelivering O2 and nutrients
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
what are the regulation functions of blood? - ANSmaintaining body temperature
maintaining normal pH
how does blood maintain body temperature? - ANSthrough vasoconstriction / vasodilation
what is vasodilation? relation to heat? - ANSwidening of blood vessels, gets rid of heat
what is vasoconstriction? relation to heat? - ANSnarrowing of blood vessels; preserves heat
what is the normal pH of blood? - ANS7.35-7.45
how does blood regulate pH? - ANSchemical buffers
how does blood protect? - ANSprevents blood loss (clots)
prevents infection (antibodies, WBC's)
what are the components of whole blood? - ANSplasma & formed elements
what are the two parts of formed elements? - ANSbuffy coat, erthyrocytes
what is the buffy coat? - ANSwhite blood cells and platelets
what is the least dense component of blood? - ANSplasma
what is the most dense component of blood? - ANSformed elements (specifically
erthyrocytes)
what is blood plasma made of? - ANSwater & it's solutes: proteins, electrolytes, nutrients,
gases, hormones, wastes
what is the most abundant solute in plasma? - ANSalbumin
what does albumin do? - ANSregulates osmotic pressure, transports molecules (e.g. drugs)
what is osmotic pressure? - ANSpressure that helps blood retain water
what are globulins? where are they found? - ANSantibodies & transport proteins in plasma
what is the function of fibrinogens? - ANSblood clotting
plasma is a nonliving ____. - ANSmatrix
what are erythrocytes? - ANSred blood cells
what shape are RBCs? what function does this serve? - ANSbiconcave
bendy so they can flow easily
large surface area for oxygen to pass through
what are the characteristics of red blood cells? - ANSanucleate
no organelles
filled with Hb for gas transport
what does Hb stand for - ANShemoglobin
what does hemoglobin do? - ANSbinds reversibly with oxygen
what are the 2 parts of hemoglobin? - ANSheme and globin
,BLG 111 Final Exam
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS.
LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026.
what is heme? - ANSiron-containing red pigment
what is globin? - ANSprotein made of 4 polypeptide chains
what are the four chains of globin? - ANS2 alpha, 2 beta
how many hemes are in hemoglobin? - ANSfour; one per chain
where are RBCs produced? from? - ANSred bone marrow; stem cells
what is hematopoietic tissue? - ANSred bone marrow
where is red bone marrow found in newborns? - ANSeverywhere; medullary cavities & all
spongey bone
where is red bone marrow found in adults? - ANSheads of femur & humerus
flat bones, hip bone
stem cells produce all _______. - ANSformed elements
what is the life span of RBCs? - ANS100-120 days or 3-4 months
what is erythropoiesis (EPO)? - ANSproduction of red blood cells
what stimulates EPO? due to? - ANShypoxia
decreased RBC
decreased amount of Hb
decreased availability of O2
what is hypoxia? - ANSlack of oxygen
what are the steps of EPO? - ANSkidney release erythropoietin
stimulates red bone marrow
increases RBC
O2 carrying ability rises
what is erythropoietin? - ANSEPO - hormone that stimulates RBC production
what is hemostasis? - ANSstoppage of bleeding in a blood vessel
what are the three steps of hemostasis? - ANS1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
what happens during step one of hemostasis; vascular spasm? - ANSsmooth muscle
contracts, causes vasoconstriction
what happens during step two a) of hemostasis; platelet plug formation? - ANSinjury to
lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers
platelets adhere
what happens during step two b) of hemostasis; platelet plug formation? - ANSplatelets
release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky
platelet plug forms
what happens during step three of hemostasis; coagulation? - ANSuses clotting factors
numbered I- XII
what is needed to synthesize clotting factors? - ANSVitamin K
,BLG 111 Final Exam
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS.
LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026.
why are newborns given vitamin K shots? - ANSvitamin k doesn't cross the placenta or get
into breast milk well
needed for clotting factors (thrombin)
what is thrombin? what does it do? - ANSan enzyme in blood plasma that causes the clotting
of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin converts _____ to _____ - ANSfibrinogen to fibrin
what does fibrin do? - ANSmakes clot by creating a mesh that glues platelets together
what are thromboembolic conditions? the three types? - ANSundesirable clot formations
thrombus
embolus
embolism
what is a thrombus? - ANSa clot that develops & persists in an unbroken blood vessel
why are thrombus dangerous? - ANScan block circulation, leading to tissue death
what is an embolus? - ANSthrombus freely floating in bloodstream
what is an embolism? - ANSembolus obstructing a vessel
what are the three things that need to be considered when determining compatibility of blood
types? - ANSwhich antigens are found on the PM
what type of antibodies are floating in the plasma
what is being transferred?
what do antigens determine for blood types? - ANSthe letter; A, B , AB, O
people who are blood type AB have ______ antigens - ANSA & B
What is agglutinogen? - ANSantibodies clump RBCs together, body begins to destroy this
how does the protein Rh affect blood type? - ANSdetermines whether its positive or negative
why are antibodies important in blood types? - ANSthere cannot be an interaction between
antigens & antibodies
what antibodies does type O have? - ANSanti-A & anti-B
what blood type is the universal reciepent? why? - ANSAB
no antibodies, therefore no reaction from any other blood type
what antibodies does type AB blood have? - ANSnone
what is the universal blood donor? why? - ANSO, it has no antigens so it cannot envoke a
reaction from other blood types
what are the different types of blood trasnfusions? - ANSwhole blood
plasma
platelet
packed RBCs (PRBCs)
why is Rh important to consider in blood transfusions? - ANScan cause agglutination;
although to a lesser effect than incompatible antigens/antibodies
what does rh negative / postive mean? - ANSrh negative = rh antibodies
rh positive = no rh antibodies
, BLG 111 Final Exam
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS.
LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026.
you could put A __ into A _____, but it will ________. - ANSpositive, negative, agglutinate
what blood types can type A recieve? why? - ANSA & O; has anti-b antibodies due to type a
antigens
what blood types can type B receive? why? - ANSB & O; has anti-a antibodies due to type b
antigens
what blood types can type O receive? why? - ANSO; has both anti-a & anti-b antibodies &
no antigens
what blood types can type AB recieve? why? - ANSany; has no antibodies, only a & b
antigens
what is the lifespan of a RBC? - ANS100-120 days
what happens when RBCs die? - ANSHB begins to breakdown
Macrophages in spleen breakdown the RBC
When a RBC dies, the body ___________ it - ANSrecycles
when a RBC dies, Hb breaks down into globin: what does this do? - ANSfurther breaks down
into amino acids / proteins
what is ferritin? - ANSa protein that stores & releases iron
what is transferritin? - ANSiron transport protein in blood
after a RBC dies, Hb breaks down into heme, which further breaks down into: - ANSiron and
bilirubin
where does bilirubin from heme go? (breakdown of RBC) - ANSto the liver, which secretes it
into the intestine to be excreted
more erythrocyte disorders are classified as _____ or _____ - ANSanemia
polycythemia
what is polycythemia? - ANStoo many RBCs
what is anemia? - ANSnot enough RBCs
what are the three categories that cause anemia? - ANStoo much blood loss
not enough RBCs produced
too many RBCs destroyed
what type of anemia is caused by excessive blood loss? - ANShemorrhagic anemia
what is a subtype of hemorrhagic anemia? - ANSchronic hemorrhagic anemia
what is hemorrhagic anemia? how is it treated? - ANSrapid blood loss, treated by blood
replacement
what is chronic hemorrhagic anemia? how is it treated? - ANSslight but persistent blood loss
the primary problem must be treated to stop the blood loss
what is an example of something that may cause chronic hemorrhagic anemia? -
ANShemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer, etc
what are the four types of anemia caused by low RBC production? - ANSiron-deficiency
anemia
pernicious anemia
