ECE 206 Test with 100% Correct
Solutions
Jean Piaget - ANS-theorist who said that children must be given tasks appropriate to
their learning development; go through four stages of thinking that help them see and
learn about the world; developed schemas (the things a child already knows, add new
knowledge to this as time goes on) and constructivism (children learn by doing rather
than being told)
JP - sensorimotor stage - ANS-first stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; infant
explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact, object permanance and
separation anxiety are developed during this stage (0-2 years)
JP - preoperational stage - ANS-second stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; child
uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically;
has ability to pretend; child is egocentric (child begins to speak-6/7 years)
JP - concrete operational stage - ANS-third stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking;
child can think logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract; also
understands observation; (first grade-early adolescence)
JP - formal operational stage - ANS-fourth stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking;
adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms (adolescence)
Lev Vygotsky - ANS-theorist who said that children should be given the opportunity to
for frequent social interaction (social contact is essential to intellectual development);
developed the concept of ZPD (zone of proximal development) - area where the most
sensitive instruction or guidance should be given - allowing the child to develop skills
they will then use on their own - developing higher mental functions
also developed scaffolding - changing the level of support to meet the ability of the child
Erik Erikson - ANS-theorist who said that parents and other caregivers must be aware
of and sensitive to children's needs at each stage of development and support them
through crises; if crisis is met in a positive way, then the individual develops maturity
EE- Trust vs Mistrust - ANS-first stage in Erikson's development; important event:
feeding; children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide a sense of reliability,
care, and attention (birth-18 months)
,EE - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt - ANS-second stage in Erikson's development;
important event: toilet training; children need to develop a sense of personal control
over physical skills and a sense of independence (2-3 years)
EE - Initiative vs Guilt - ANS-third stage in Erikson's development; important event:
exploration; children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment;
success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose; children who exert too much power
experience disapproval (3-5 years)
B.F. Skinner - ANS-theorist who said that parents and caregivers can affect a child's
behavior through the use of positive and negative feedback (rewards and punishments);
child's action repeatedly brings positive effects = repeated and learned; child's action
brings negative results = child will eventually stop action
Albert Bandura - ANS-theorist who said that parents must provide good examples for
children to follow; children learn by modeling; disagreed with Skinner; environment does
shape the behavior but behavior also shapes the environment
Jerome Bruner - ANS-developed the term spiral curriculum in which children can tackle
challenges in age appropriate ways; topics can be revisited year after year
Benjamin Bloom - ANS-created Bloom's taxonomy which are a hierarchy of learning
objectives starting with knowledge and growing in complexity to evaluation
Howard Gardner - ANS-created the Multiple Intelligences theory which means that
humans have several different ways of processing information - musical, visual, verbal,
logical, etc
Urie Brofenbrenner - ANS-theorist who said that children's primary relationship with
caregiver needs to be stable, loving, and lasting; environment affects development
Maria Montessori - ANS-theorist who stressed that children learn by using their senses
and learn best by pursuing their interests; children need to be given objects to
manipulate so they can exercise their sensory learning
Unoccupied play - ANS-early months of infancy; from birth to about three months;
children seem to be making random movements with no clear purpose, but this is the
initial form of playing
Solitary play - ANS-From three to 18 months; children are very busy with play and they
may not seem to notice other children sitting or playing nearby; begins in infancy and is
common in toddlers. This is because of toddlers' limited social, cognitive,
and physical skills
Onlooker play - ANS-happens most often during the toddler years. This is where the
child watches other children play. Children are learning how to relate to others
, and learning language. Although children may ask questions of other children, there is
no effort to join the play. This type of play usually starts during toddler years but can
take place at any age.
Parallel play - ANS-From the age of 18 months to two years,
children begin to play alongside other children without any interaction; provides toddler
with opportunities for role-playing such as
dressing up and pretending. It also helps children gain the understanding of the idea of
property right such as "mine." They begin to show their need of being with other children
their own age; usually found with toddlers, although it happens in any age group.
Associative play - ANS-three - four years of age; they become more interested in other
children than the toys' started to socialize with other children. This play is sometimes
referred to as "loosely organized play."; helps preschooler learn the do's and don'ts of
getting along with others; teaches the art of sharing, encourages language
development, problem-solving skills and cooperation; groups of children have similar
goals. They do not set rules, although they all want to be playing with the same types of
toys and may even trade toys. There is no formal organization.
Social play - ANS-Children around the age of three are
beginning to socialize with other children. By interacting with other children in play
settings, your child learns social rules such as give and take and cooperation. Children
are able to share toys and ideas. They are beginning to learn to use moral reasoning to
develop a sense of values. To be
prepared to function in the adult world, children need to experience a variety of social
situations.
Motor - physical play - ANS-When children run, jump, and
play games such as hide and seek and tag they engage in physical play. Physical play
offers a chance for children to exercise and develop muscle strength. Physically playing
with
your child teaches social skills while enjoying good exercise. Your child will learn to take
turns and accept winning or losing
Constructive play - ANS-children create things in this type of play; starts in infancy and
becomes more complex as your child grows. This type of play starts with your baby
putting things in his/her mouth to see how
they feel and taste. As a toddler, children begin building with blocks, playing in sand,
and drawing; allows children to explore objects and discover patterns to find what works
and what does not work. Children gain pride when accomplishing a task; Children who
gain confidence manipulating objects become good at creating ideas and working with
numbers and concepts.
Expressive play - ANS-material based play for children; Materials may include paints,
crayons, colored pencils and markers for drawing pictures or writing. It
Solutions
Jean Piaget - ANS-theorist who said that children must be given tasks appropriate to
their learning development; go through four stages of thinking that help them see and
learn about the world; developed schemas (the things a child already knows, add new
knowledge to this as time goes on) and constructivism (children learn by doing rather
than being told)
JP - sensorimotor stage - ANS-first stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; infant
explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact, object permanance and
separation anxiety are developed during this stage (0-2 years)
JP - preoperational stage - ANS-second stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; child
uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically;
has ability to pretend; child is egocentric (child begins to speak-6/7 years)
JP - concrete operational stage - ANS-third stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking;
child can think logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract; also
understands observation; (first grade-early adolescence)
JP - formal operational stage - ANS-fourth stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking;
adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms (adolescence)
Lev Vygotsky - ANS-theorist who said that children should be given the opportunity to
for frequent social interaction (social contact is essential to intellectual development);
developed the concept of ZPD (zone of proximal development) - area where the most
sensitive instruction or guidance should be given - allowing the child to develop skills
they will then use on their own - developing higher mental functions
also developed scaffolding - changing the level of support to meet the ability of the child
Erik Erikson - ANS-theorist who said that parents and other caregivers must be aware
of and sensitive to children's needs at each stage of development and support them
through crises; if crisis is met in a positive way, then the individual develops maturity
EE- Trust vs Mistrust - ANS-first stage in Erikson's development; important event:
feeding; children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide a sense of reliability,
care, and attention (birth-18 months)
,EE - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt - ANS-second stage in Erikson's development;
important event: toilet training; children need to develop a sense of personal control
over physical skills and a sense of independence (2-3 years)
EE - Initiative vs Guilt - ANS-third stage in Erikson's development; important event:
exploration; children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment;
success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose; children who exert too much power
experience disapproval (3-5 years)
B.F. Skinner - ANS-theorist who said that parents and caregivers can affect a child's
behavior through the use of positive and negative feedback (rewards and punishments);
child's action repeatedly brings positive effects = repeated and learned; child's action
brings negative results = child will eventually stop action
Albert Bandura - ANS-theorist who said that parents must provide good examples for
children to follow; children learn by modeling; disagreed with Skinner; environment does
shape the behavior but behavior also shapes the environment
Jerome Bruner - ANS-developed the term spiral curriculum in which children can tackle
challenges in age appropriate ways; topics can be revisited year after year
Benjamin Bloom - ANS-created Bloom's taxonomy which are a hierarchy of learning
objectives starting with knowledge and growing in complexity to evaluation
Howard Gardner - ANS-created the Multiple Intelligences theory which means that
humans have several different ways of processing information - musical, visual, verbal,
logical, etc
Urie Brofenbrenner - ANS-theorist who said that children's primary relationship with
caregiver needs to be stable, loving, and lasting; environment affects development
Maria Montessori - ANS-theorist who stressed that children learn by using their senses
and learn best by pursuing their interests; children need to be given objects to
manipulate so they can exercise their sensory learning
Unoccupied play - ANS-early months of infancy; from birth to about three months;
children seem to be making random movements with no clear purpose, but this is the
initial form of playing
Solitary play - ANS-From three to 18 months; children are very busy with play and they
may not seem to notice other children sitting or playing nearby; begins in infancy and is
common in toddlers. This is because of toddlers' limited social, cognitive,
and physical skills
Onlooker play - ANS-happens most often during the toddler years. This is where the
child watches other children play. Children are learning how to relate to others
, and learning language. Although children may ask questions of other children, there is
no effort to join the play. This type of play usually starts during toddler years but can
take place at any age.
Parallel play - ANS-From the age of 18 months to two years,
children begin to play alongside other children without any interaction; provides toddler
with opportunities for role-playing such as
dressing up and pretending. It also helps children gain the understanding of the idea of
property right such as "mine." They begin to show their need of being with other children
their own age; usually found with toddlers, although it happens in any age group.
Associative play - ANS-three - four years of age; they become more interested in other
children than the toys' started to socialize with other children. This play is sometimes
referred to as "loosely organized play."; helps preschooler learn the do's and don'ts of
getting along with others; teaches the art of sharing, encourages language
development, problem-solving skills and cooperation; groups of children have similar
goals. They do not set rules, although they all want to be playing with the same types of
toys and may even trade toys. There is no formal organization.
Social play - ANS-Children around the age of three are
beginning to socialize with other children. By interacting with other children in play
settings, your child learns social rules such as give and take and cooperation. Children
are able to share toys and ideas. They are beginning to learn to use moral reasoning to
develop a sense of values. To be
prepared to function in the adult world, children need to experience a variety of social
situations.
Motor - physical play - ANS-When children run, jump, and
play games such as hide and seek and tag they engage in physical play. Physical play
offers a chance for children to exercise and develop muscle strength. Physically playing
with
your child teaches social skills while enjoying good exercise. Your child will learn to take
turns and accept winning or losing
Constructive play - ANS-children create things in this type of play; starts in infancy and
becomes more complex as your child grows. This type of play starts with your baby
putting things in his/her mouth to see how
they feel and taste. As a toddler, children begin building with blocks, playing in sand,
and drawing; allows children to explore objects and discover patterns to find what works
and what does not work. Children gain pride when accomplishing a task; Children who
gain confidence manipulating objects become good at creating ideas and working with
numbers and concepts.
Expressive play - ANS-material based play for children; Materials may include paints,
crayons, colored pencils and markers for drawing pictures or writing. It
