Dr. Jones encountered a problem with a new client in therapy. Using the model of
reflective practice described in Chapter 1, what is the sequence of steps he should use
in
Lifespan Final Exam – Comprehensive
Review & Verified Answers | Jersey
College|| LATEST UPDATE 2026/27
order to work with this client effectively? -CORRECTANSWER Reflect on well-
established theories; apply the theoretical knowledge to the individual's case; and then
test out new ways of thinking about the problem if prior theory does not suffice.
Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because -CORRECTANSWER
they are based on scientific research.
Which of the following helpers is most likely to have an implicit "incrementalist" belief
about intelligence? -CORRECTANSWER A counselor who recommends a strategy of
academic skill building for a client who is experiencing academic problems.
Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in behavior,
cognition, or social relationships. -CORRECTANSWER qualitative
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following
statements is an accurate representation of his ideas? -CORRECTANSWER
,Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more
positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern.
Models of development which hold that change typically occurs in shifts between
periods of relative stability and periods of disequilibrium are called -
CORRECTANSWER stage models
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process are
called -CORRECTANSWER incremental models.
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a function of reciprocal
influences, both from within the person and from the external environment are called -
CORRECTANSWER multidimensional models.
In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to -CORRECTANSWER reciprocal
interactions between an organism and its immediate environment.
Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care
is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who
also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. According to
Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following influences on Juan's development
represents an example of a proximal process? -CORRECTANSWER The quality of
care-giving Juan receives in day care.
,Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care
is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who
also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. Which of the
following influences represents an example of a distal process? -CORRECTANSWER
Governmental policies and subsidies for child care that apply in the city.
Seven-month-old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large city.
Affordable, high quality child care centers are very hard to find in her neighborhood.
Which level of the environment, according to Bronfenbrenner's model, is limiting her
access to high quality day care in her community? -CORRECTANSWER Exosystem
Contemporary developmentalists focus on which question concerning nature and
nurture? -CORRECTANSWER How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature
and nurture interact to affect development?
A group of people characterized by shared traditions, attitudes, values, and beliefs
handed down from one generation to another constitute ______________. -
CORRECTANSWER an ethnic group.
The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income,
and occupation is called -CORRECTANSWER socioeconomic status.
, The belief that individuals create their own knowledge by interpreting new experience in
the light of past experience is a fundamental proposition of -CORRECTANSWER
constructivism.
Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of
development may result in a wide range of possible outcomes. -CORRECTANSWER
multifinality
An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness
in the general population is called -CORRECTANSWER primary prevention.
The epigenome is the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls
the expression of -CORRECTANSWER hereditary material.
In one animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, offspring of rats with genes
for low stress reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes for high stress
reactivity. This is an example of -CORRECTANSWER a cross-fostering study.
In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers,
alerted to this distress, responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the
development of the hippocampus. Which of the following processes or principles does
this example demonstrate? -CORRECTANSWER Epigenesis.
reflective practice described in Chapter 1, what is the sequence of steps he should use
in
Lifespan Final Exam – Comprehensive
Review & Verified Answers | Jersey
College|| LATEST UPDATE 2026/27
order to work with this client effectively? -CORRECTANSWER Reflect on well-
established theories; apply the theoretical knowledge to the individual's case; and then
test out new ways of thinking about the problem if prior theory does not suffice.
Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because -CORRECTANSWER
they are based on scientific research.
Which of the following helpers is most likely to have an implicit "incrementalist" belief
about intelligence? -CORRECTANSWER A counselor who recommends a strategy of
academic skill building for a client who is experiencing academic problems.
Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in behavior,
cognition, or social relationships. -CORRECTANSWER qualitative
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following
statements is an accurate representation of his ideas? -CORRECTANSWER
,Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more
positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern.
Models of development which hold that change typically occurs in shifts between
periods of relative stability and periods of disequilibrium are called -
CORRECTANSWER stage models
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process are
called -CORRECTANSWER incremental models.
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a function of reciprocal
influences, both from within the person and from the external environment are called -
CORRECTANSWER multidimensional models.
In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to -CORRECTANSWER reciprocal
interactions between an organism and its immediate environment.
Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care
is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who
also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. According to
Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following influences on Juan's development
represents an example of a proximal process? -CORRECTANSWER The quality of
care-giving Juan receives in day care.
,Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care
is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who
also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. Which of the
following influences represents an example of a distal process? -CORRECTANSWER
Governmental policies and subsidies for child care that apply in the city.
Seven-month-old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large city.
Affordable, high quality child care centers are very hard to find in her neighborhood.
Which level of the environment, according to Bronfenbrenner's model, is limiting her
access to high quality day care in her community? -CORRECTANSWER Exosystem
Contemporary developmentalists focus on which question concerning nature and
nurture? -CORRECTANSWER How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature
and nurture interact to affect development?
A group of people characterized by shared traditions, attitudes, values, and beliefs
handed down from one generation to another constitute ______________. -
CORRECTANSWER an ethnic group.
The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income,
and occupation is called -CORRECTANSWER socioeconomic status.
, The belief that individuals create their own knowledge by interpreting new experience in
the light of past experience is a fundamental proposition of -CORRECTANSWER
constructivism.
Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of
development may result in a wide range of possible outcomes. -CORRECTANSWER
multifinality
An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness
in the general population is called -CORRECTANSWER primary prevention.
The epigenome is the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls
the expression of -CORRECTANSWER hereditary material.
In one animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, offspring of rats with genes
for low stress reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes for high stress
reactivity. This is an example of -CORRECTANSWER a cross-fostering study.
In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers,
alerted to this distress, responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the
development of the hippocampus. Which of the following processes or principles does
this example demonstrate? -CORRECTANSWER Epigenesis.
